CONTRIBUTIONS 


American  Palaeontology, 


•VOL.  Z. 


Published  by  E.  O.  Ulrich. 


Aldine  Printing  Works,  Cincinnati,  1886. 


\ ) I 


CONTRIBUTIONS 

TO 

American  Palseoiitology. 


VoL.  I CINCINNATI,  O.,  MAY  I,  1886.  No.  1. 


PLAN  AND  OBJECT  OF  PUBLICATION, 

During  the  last  few  years  the  study  of  palaeontology  in  America 
has  advanced  with  such  vast  strides,  that  the  ordinary  and  estab- 
lished channels  of  publication  have  become  entirely  inadequate  to 
the  present  needs.  This  fact  must  be  obvious  to  every  active  palae- 
ontologist, who,  after  each  season’s  work,  is  obliged  to  delay,  per- 
haps indefinitely,  the  publication  of  the  new  material  gathered.  It  is 
true,  we  have  a number  of  learned  societies  that  publish  their  pro- 
ceedings, while  several  also  publish  a “ Journal.”  But  in  most  cases, 
when  the  use  of  their  pages  is  not  denied  to  non-members,  they  are 
not  available  to  the  palaeontologist  who  desires  to  give  a permanent 
value  to  his  work,  and  is  unwilling  to  encumber  scientific  literature 
with  ‘defective  descriptions  of  his  new  species,  and  other  discoveries. 
They  are  unavailable  to  the  conscientious  naturalist,  mainly  because 
of  the  inability  or  unwillingness  of  their  publishers  to  furnish  illus- 
trations, without  which  it  is  practically  impossible  (at  any  rate  in 
most  cases)  to  identify  the  species  with  certainty,  and,  as  the  time 
has  come  when  all  descriptions  of  new  species  or  genera,  unaccom- 
panied by  suitable  figures  illustrating  the  characters  upon  which  the 
species  or  genus  is  based,  should  be  ignored,  he  is  forced  either  to 
pay  for  the  illustrations  himself,  or  leave,  the  often  valuable  results 
of  bis  labors  and  discoveries,  to  lie  within  the  recesses  of  his  own 
consciousness,  a prey  to  forgetfulness,  and  the  tarnishing  influence 
of  time.  At  all  events,  such  has  been  the  writer’s  experience,  and 
to  make  himself  independent,  it  is  proposed  to  establish  a series  of 
private  publications,  to  appear  under  the  title  of  “ Contributions  to 
American  Palaeontology,”  and  at  such  times  when  sufficient  mate- 
rial has  been  arranged  and  studied  to  justify  the  outlay.  Further, 
it  is  intended  that  each  of  the  “ Contributions”  will  be  accompanied 
by  from  two  to  four  lithographic  plates,  upon  which  all  the  new 


f 28t:>65 


2 


Contributions  to  American  Palceontology. 


species  described  will  receive  proper  illustration.  An  edition  of  1,000 
copies  is  printed,  and,,  to  insure  publication,  100  copies  will  be  sent 
immediately  to  the  working  palaeontologists  of  this  country  and  Eu- 
rope. The  remaining  copies  will  be  placed  on  sale,  at  but  little 
above  the  cost  of  publication,  with  the  principal  booksellers  making  a 
specialty  of  works  on  natural  history. 

In  the  publication  of  this,  the  first  number,  the  writer  has  been  very 
generously  aided,  financially,  by  Mr.  G.  K.  Greene,  of  New  Albany, 
Ind.,  to  whose  collection  also  the  types  ot  all  the  species  herein 
described  belong.  Such  devotion  to  natural  history,  as  his  unwonted 
liberality  proves  him  to  possess,  is  rarely  met  with  and  highly  cred- 
itable to  him. 


8 


LU  ' I M \ , 

Contributions  to  American  Palaeontology. 

(’ 

< 


" Descriptions  of  New  Silurian  and  Devonian  Fossils. 

E.  o.  izjXjiE^zcxa:. 


/ BRYOZOA. 

FENESTELLiDiE,  King,  and  Acanthocladiid^,  Zittel. 

More  extended  investigations  of  the  large  group  of  Palaeozoic 
bryozoa  comprised  under  the  above  families,  have  shown  me  that  the 
classification  adopted  in  the  first  part  of  my  ‘‘American  Palaeozoic 
Bryozoa”  (Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  V.,  p.  150,  1882),  is  in 
some  respects  faulty,  and  yet  more  incomplete.  Had  I paid  less 
attention  to  the  arrangement  given  in  Zittel’s  ‘‘  Plandbuch  der  Palae- 
ontologie,”  the  result  might  have  been  more  satisfactory.  Since  the 
publication  of  Part  I.,  my  studies  have  been  carried  on  without  inter- 
ruption. A great  quantity  of  material  has  been  examined,  most  of  it 
in  Hn  excellent  state  of  preservation.  I have  sought  especially  to 
obtain  examples  of  the  typical  species  of  all  the  genera  related  to 
Fenestella  and  Acanthocladia,  and  not  without  success.  Thus,  I am 
now  enabled  to  treat  these  bryozoa  with  greater  confidence  than  here- 
Q tofore.  However,  as  it  is  expected  that  my  work  on  the  bryozoa  of 
the  State  of  Illinois  (Geol.  Surv.  of  111.,  Vol.  VIII.)  will  be  ready  for 
^ distribution  in  less  than  a year,  the  following  synopsis  of  the  classifi- 
cation  I intend  to  adhere  to  in  that  work  must  suffice  for  the  present. 
^ From  the  classification  proposed  by  me  in  the  Am.  Pal.  Bry.,  the  fol- 
V lowing  differs  mainly  in  the  removal  of  Septopora,  Prout,  and  Syno- 
^ cladia,  King,  from  the  Fenestellidoe  to  the  Acanthocladiidce.  The 
Q propriety  of  this  step  seems  so  obvious  to  me,  that  I am  confident  it 
^will  become  equally  so  to  any  one  taking  the  trouble  to  make  crit- 
^ leal  comparisons. 

Fenestellid^.  King. 

? Zoaria  reticulate,  poriferous  on  one  side  only,  with  the  branches 
' rigid,  and  united  by  regular  non-poriferous  dissepiments  ; or  sinuous, 


4 


Contributions  to  American  Palceontology. 


and  united  by  anastomosis;  rarely  the  branches  remain  free.  Zoo- 
ecia  subtubular;  apertures  constricted,  rounded,  and  usually  pro- 
vided with  a peristome. 

1.  Fenestella,  Lonsdale.  Zoaria  flabellate  to  infundibuliform, 
poriferous  on  the  inside  (always?)  with  branches  nearly  straight,  and 
connected  with  each  other  at  rhythmical  intervals  by  non-poriferous 
dissepiments.  Zooecia  in  two  rows,  separated  by  a more  or  less  devel- 
oped median  keel. 

2.  Ptilopora,  McCoy.  Zoaria  pinnate,  the  median  branch 
stronger  than  the  oblique  lateral  branches.  Otherwise  like  Fenestella, 

8.  Semicoscinium,  Front.  Zoaria  funnel-shaped,  poriferous  on 
the  outside.  Dissepiments  wide,  very  short,  and,  on  the  non-porif- 
erous side,  not  readily  distinguished  from  the  branches.  Here  also 
the  fenestrules  are  sub-rhomboidal  or  rounded.  Zooecia  as  in  Fenes- 
tella. Median  keel  strongly  developed  ; without  transverse  bars. 

Syn.  Carinopora,  Nicholson. 

4.  Unitrypa,  Hall.  Zoaria  and  zooecia  as  in  Semicoscinium. 
with  the  exception  that  the  summits  of  the  carinm  are  connected 
transversely  by  continuous  strong  bars.* 

5.  Hemitrypa,  Phillips.  Zooecia  the  same  as  in  Fenestella.  The 
median  keel  is  thin,  but  high,  slightly  expanded  at  the  summit,  and 
provided  with  slender  lateral  processes  on  each  side,  which  extend  to 
the  centre  of  the  space  between  the  carinm,  where  they  join  an 


‘-■'In  his  last  report  as  State  Geologist  (1885),  Hall  publishes  the  donclusion  of  a paper  “ On 
the  Mode  of  Growth  and  Relations  of  the  Fenestellidse,”  which  is  continued  from  page  14  of 
his  report  for  1882.  In  the  first  part  of  the  article  he  proves  to  his  own  satisfaction,  that,  with 
the  exception  of  Archimedes,  all  the  genera  previously  separated  from  Fenestella  have  been 
established  upon  iusufheient  grounds,  and  are,  consequently,  not  entitled  to  recognition  as 
distinct  genera.  Among  the  latter  he  places  Retepora,  but  that  genus  was  founded  upon  spe- 
cies differing  so  widely  from  Fenestella,  that  it  is  clear  he  did  not  examine  into  the  characters 
of  the  original  species.  Had  he  done  so,  he  would  have  learned  that  the  two  genera  are  very 
different,  and  that  Retepora  is,  almost  universally,  regarded  as  a member  of  the  Cheilostomata, 
with  no  paljeozoic  representation.  Besides,  Retepora  has  priority  over  Fenestella.  However, 
during  the  preparation  of  the  continuation  of  the  paper,  he  seems  to  have  changed  his  mind, 
and  with  the  apology  that  they  are  convenient  for  reference  and  “ an  aid  to  the  easy  recogni- 
tion and  distinguishment  of  species,”  he  gives  short  definitions  of  seventeen  groups  “which 
may  be  considered  as  of  subgeneric  importance.”  Six  of  these  are  described  for  the  first  time. 
It  would  be  useless  to  enter  into  any  controversy  relating  to  the  rank  these  divisions  are 
entitled  to,  as  I have  no  sympathy  for  sub-genera,  and  believe  them  an  entirely  superfluous 
encumbrance  of  nomenclature.  Of  the  new  divisions  I accept  Unitrypa,  as  above,  because  it 
seems  to  mark  a natural  and  easily  recognized  genus.  Isotryjm,  and  possibly,  Loculipora  as 
well,  seems  to  differ  only  in  the  greater  separation  of  the  transverse  bars  which  unite  the 
carinse.  Such  differences  are  scarcely  of  sufficient  importance  to  justisy  the  separation,  and 
for  the  present,  at  least,  I am  not  inclined  to  admit  them.  Not  having  met  with  any  form 
having  the  characters  ascribed  to  Ptyloporina,  I will  not  presume  to  question  the  validity  of 
the  group,  but  I fail  entirely  to  see  the  grounds  upon  which  Piyloporclla  is  to  be  separated  from 
PWopora  of  McCoy. 


Contributions  to  American  Palceontology. 


5 


equally  slender  longitudinal  bar  that  divides  the  space  into  two  series 
of  small  angular  openings,  which  may  be  alternate  or  opposite,  and 
usually  correspond  in  number  to  the  zooecial  apertures. 

6.  Helicopora,  Claypole.  Zoaria  spiral,  the  inner  edge  thick- 
ened and  non-poriferous,  without,  however,  forming  a solid  central 
axis.  Other  characters  as  in  Fenestella. 

7.  Archimedes,  Leseur.  Zoaria  like  those  of  Helicopora^  but 
differing  in  having  a solid  central  axis. 

8.  Lyropora,  Hall.  Zoaria  flabellate,  the  fenestrated  portion 
spread  between  two  strong,  non-poriferous,  diverging  supports. 
Zooecia  in  from  two  to  five  rows.  Median  keel  obsolete. 

9.  Fenestralia,  Prout.  Zoaria  strong,  with  two  rows  of  cells 
on  each  side  of  the  median  keel.  In  other  respects  like  Fenestella. 

10.  PoLYPORA,  McCoy.  Zoaria  in  most  respects  like  Fenestella, 
but  differing  in  having  from  two  to  six  rows  of  cells,  and  in  wanting 
the  characteristic  median  keel.  The  latter  is  sometimes  represented 
by  a row  of  strong  tubercles.  Such  species  approach  Fenestralia, 
Prout. 

11.  Thamniscus,  King.  Zoaria  differing  from  those  of  Poly- 
pora,  in  wanting  the  dissepiments  entirely,  or  in  having  them  recur 
at  very  irregular  and  much  longer  intervals ; beside,  the  branches 
bifurcate  more  freely. 

12.  nov.  gen.  Zoaria  in  general  much  like  Polypora, 

but  the  dissepiments  are  reduced  to  a minimum,  and  give  the  false  im- 
pression that  the  branches  inosculate  as  in  Phyllopora. 

13.  Phyllopora,  King.  Zoaria  infundibuliform,  consisting  of 
anastomosing  branches,  which  form  a regular,  round-meshed  net  work. 
Zooecia  in  two  or  more  rows. 

Syn.  (?)  Protoretepora,  DeKoninck. 

14.  Silurian  forms;  nov.  gen.  Like  Phyllopora,  but  meshes 
irregular.  Zooecia  separated  from  each  other  by  short,  angular  inter- 
stitial cells,  the  apertures  of  which  are  closed.  Diaphragms  often 
present. 

15.  Goniocladia,  Ethridge,  Jr.  Branches  anastomosing,  keeled 
on  both  sides.  Zooecia  in  three  or  four  rows  on  each  side  of  the 
median  keel  of  the  poriferous  side. 

16.  nov.  gen.  Zoaria  consisting  of  very  slender, 

straight  stems,  which  throw  off  a few  lateral  branches  of  equal  dimen- 
sions. Cells  in  two  rows.  Median  keel  moderately  developed.  This 
genus  should,  perhaps,  be  placed  with  the  Acanthocladiidce. 


6 


Contributions  to  American  Palceontology. 


(?)  Cryptopora,  Nicholson.  This  genus  is  unwillingly  admitted 
as  the  characters  ascribed  to  it  are  entirely  anomalous.  At  present  I 
am  inclined  to  believe  the  author  of  the  genus  had  before  him  some 
peculiarly  preserved  fragments  of  a species  of  Semicoscinium,  or,  pos- 
sibly, Unitrypa. 

Acanthocladiid^.  Zittel  (Emend  Ulrich). 

Zoaria  poriferous  on  one  side  only,  dendroid,  pinnate,  or  forming 
fenestrated  expansions,  and  consisting  of  strong,  central  stems,  and 
numerous  smaller  lateral  branches  which  proceed  from  their  opposite 
margins.  The  lateral  branches  are  free,  or  may  unite  (in  the  fenes- 
trate genera)  with  those  of  the  adjacent  branches.  Non-poriferous 
dissepiments  absent. 

1.  PiNNATOPORA,  Vine.  Zoaria  small,  thin.  Lateral  branches 
short.  Cells  in  two  rows,  one  on  each  side  of  the  moderately  devel- 
oped median  keel,  which  is  wanting  on  the  lateral  branches. 

2.  Septopora,  Prout.  Zoaria  fenestrated,  flabellate  or  leaf-like. 
Primary  branches  numerous,  increasing  by  bifurcation  or  interpola- 
tion, and  so  arranged  that  the  smaller  lateral  branches  which  proceed 
from  their  opposite  margins  unite  with  those  of  the  adjacent  branches. 
Reverse,  or  non-celluliferous  side  usually  with  fine  striae,  and  a varia- 
ble number  of  scattered  dimorphic  pores.  Celluliferous  side,  with 
two  rows  of  zooecia  arranged  as  in  Pinnatopora. 

3.  Acanthocladia,  King.  Zoaria  like  those  ot  Pinnatopora, 
but  larger  and  with  three  or  more  rows  of  cells.  Between  these  the 
surface  is  elevated  into  small  longitudinal  ridges  or  series  of  tubercles. 

4.  Synocladia,  King.  This  genus  differs  from  AcantJioeladia 
in  the  same  manner  as  Septopora  does  from  Pinnatopora,  in  having 
the  lateral  branches  of  adjacent  stems  unite  with  each  other,  thereby 
forming  of  the  whole  a fenestrated  frond. 

Judging  from  the  figures  and  description  of  the  types  of  letJiy- 
orachis,  McCoy,  and  Penniretepora,  D’Orbigny,  it  seems  probable 
that  they  also  belong  to  this  family,  but  till  authentic  specimens  can 
be  examined,  their  systematic  position  must  remain  doubtful. 

Fenestella  bifurca,  n.  sp.  (PI.  I.,  fig.  2,  2a.) 

(Ety.  bifurcus,  forked.) 

Zoarium  small,  at  first  depressed  infundibuliform,  then  decum- 
bent and  more  or  less  undulated.  Diameter  of  entire  expansion  not 
known  to  exceed  1.5  inches. 


Contributions  to  American  Palceontology. 


7 


Poriferous  side : Branches  slender,  bifurcating  at  intervals  of  6 
mm.,  more  or  less,  .20  to  .30  mm.  in  diameter,  and  from  twelve  to 
fifteen  in  the  space  of  5 mm.  Dissepiments  about  one  half  the  width 
of  the  branches,  rarely  carinate,  usually  rounded  and  slightly  ex- 
panded at  each  end  so  as  to  leave  sub-elliptical  fenestrules ; nine  or 
ten  in  5 mm.  Length  of  fenestrules  always  a little  greater  than  the 
width  of  the  branches;  width  of  same  sometimes  equalling  that  of 
the  branches,  but  in  the  depressed  portions  of  the  undulated  expan- 
sion, their  transverse  diameter  is  commonly  reduced  to  only  half  their 
length.  Zooecia  in  two  ranges,  one  on  each  side  of  the  moderately 
developed  median  ridge,  the  summit  of  which  is  rounded  and  often 
carries  an  inconspicuous  series  of  small  nodes.  Zooecial  apertures 
circular,  when  perfectly  preserved  with  a faint  peristome  ; about 
twenty-eight  in  the  length  of  5 mm.  Diameter  of  aperture  .07  mm. 
Just  in  front  of  the  point  of  bifurcation  of  the  branches,  a cell  of 
much  greater  dimensions  than  ordinary,  is,  apparently  always,  pres- 
ent, and,  not  infrequently,  the  angle  between  the  diverging  median 
ridges  is  occupied  by  two  such  cells.  The  diameter  of  their  aper- 
tures is  quite  constant,  being  in  most  cases  about  .13  mm.  Tow  ard 
the  margin  of  large  examples,  where  the  branches  bifurcate  less  fre- 
quently than  near  the  centre  of  the  zoarium,  similar  cells  may  be 
detected  occasionally  on  the  side  of  a branch,  taking  the  place  of 
one  of  the  ordinary  cells. 

On  the  non-poriferons  side,  the  branches  are  rounded  and  rather 
unequal,  the  stronger  ones  being  also  more  prominent.  On  most  of 
the  examples  the  surface  is  quite  smooth,  but  on  others  irregularly 
distributed  blunt  spines  may  be  detected.  The  fenestrules  are  larger 
than  on  the  poriferous  side,  and  generally  more  nearly  quadrangular. 
Dissepiments  faintly  or  not  at  all  depressed  below  the  level  of  the 
branches. 

In  most  respects  F.  bifurca  is  quite  an  ordinary  species  of  the  genus 
and  presents  points  of  resemblance  to  a number  of  Silurian  and  Devo- 
nian species.  It  is  distinguished,  however,  from  all  the  species  known 
to  me,  by  the  large  cells  occupying  the  angle  of  bifurcation  of  the 
branches.  They  enable  the  practiced  observer  to  identify  even  worn 
fragments  of  the  species.  If  these  large  cells  and  the  peculiar  dish- 
shaped appendages  characterizing  F,  pattelifera  n.  sp.,  really  represent 
ovicells,  and  I see  no  reason  to  doubt  it,  then  these  species  furnish 
an  important  and  very  interesting  addition  to  our  knowledge  of  the 
Fenestellidce. 


8 


Contrihutiom  to  American  Palaeontology. 


Formation  and  locality : Middle  Devonian  (Up.  Helderberg?). 
Falls  of  the  Ohio. 

Fenestella  patellifera,  n.  sp.  (PI.  1.  fig.  1,  1 a.) 

(Ety;  patella,  a small  dish;  fero,  to  bear.) 

Zoarium  of  medium  size,  fiahellate  and  somewhat  undulating. 
Width  of  entire  expansion  prohahly  not  exceeding  two  inches. 

Poriferous  side : Branches  rigid,  .20  to  .25  mm.  in  diameter,  four- 
teen or  fifteen  in  the  space  of  5 mm.;  bifurcations  remote.  Dissepiments 
short,  rounded,  about  half  the  width  of  the  branches,  and  more  or  less 
expanded  at  each  end,  leaving  rather  narrow,  sometimes  subquadrate, 
but  more  commonly  ellipitical  fenestrules,  the  length  of  which  is  always 
greater  than  the  width  of  the  branches,  being  in  most  cases  nearly 
twice  as  great.  Width  of  fenestrules  generally  equalling  about  two-thirds 
that  of  the  branches,  often  a little  less,  rarely  more,  while  their  length 
equals,  apparently  always,  at  least  twice  their  width.  Measuring  longi- 
tudinally ten  or  eleven  occur  in  the  length  of  5 mm.  Sides  of  fenes- 
trules often  a little  indented  by  the  projecting  apertures  of  the  zooecia. 
Zooecia  in  two  ranges,  one  on  each  side  of  a moderately  developed 
median  ridge,  the  summit  of  which,  in  the  perfect  state,  is  sharp  and 
carries  a series  of  small  conical  nodes,  the  bases  of  which  are  nearly 
in  contact ; usually  there  are  three  of  these  nodes  to  each  fenestrule, 
one  opposite  the  junction  of  the  dissepiments  with  the  branches,  and 
two  in  the  space  between.  Zooecial  apertures  small,  circular,  and 
surrounded  by  a faint  peristome;  about  twenty-eight  in  the  length  of 
5 mm.;  diameter  of  apertures  .07  mm.  In  a view  at  right  angles  with 
the  plane  of  expansion  the  appertures  appear  to  be  of  slightly  ellipti- 
cal form,  with  their  longer  diameter  directed  obliquely  upward  and 
outward.  This  appearance  is  most  marked  in  perfectly  preserved  ex- 
amples. Ovicells  (?),  consisting  of  a cell  of  larger  size  than  the  ordi- 
nary zooecia,  occupying  the  bottom  of  a saucer  or  cup-shaped  expan- 
sion, the  inner  margin  of  which  is  bounded  by  the  median  ridge  of 
the  branch,  while  the  outer  margin  may  project  entirely  across  the 
fenestrule  and  combine  with  the  next  branch.  But  in  most  cases  this 
margin  is  semi-circular  in  outline,  and  projects  into  the  fenestrule  so  as 
to  occupy  only  about  half  of  it.  These  peculiar  ovicells  (?)  or  appen- 
dages are  very  unequally  distributed,  being  apparently  absent  over 
considerable  spaces  on  some  examples.  The  figure  on  pi,  I.,  fig.  1, 
representing  a small  portion  of  the  poriferous  side  of  a specimen 
having  them  more  numerously  developed  than  any  other  seen  by  me. 
Ordinarily,  about  half  as  many  occur  in  the  same  space. 


Contributions  to  American  Palceontology. 


9 


On  the  non-poriferous  side  the  branches  are  rounded,  subequal, 
and  smooth.  The  fenestrules  are  wider  than  on  the  poriferous  side, 
and,  consequently,  the  branches  narrower,  while  the  dissepiments  are 
thicker  and  often  raised  above  the  level  of  the  branches,  when  they 
form  irregular,  transverse  or  oblique  ridges.  The  fenestrules  may  be 
subquadrangular  or  nearly  circular,  but  generally  they  are  oval, 
with  a width  equal  to  about  two-thirds  of  their  length. 

The  distinguishing  feature  of  this  species  is  found  in  the  peculiar 
cup-shaped  appendages  above  described.  Much  more  numerous,  but 
very  similar  expansions  are  shown  in  a figure  of  a species  given  by 
Hall  in  his  last  report  (1885).  The  species  is  noted  as  Fenestella 
labiata  in  the  explanations  accompanying  the  plate,  and  the  name  is 
followed  by  a very  insufficient  description.  The  geological  horizon  is 
not  given.  Comparing  F.  patellifera  with  the  figure  of  F.  labiosa^  I 
find,  beside  the  numerically  greater  development  of  the  cup-shaped 
expansions,  that  the  dissepiments  in  the  latter  are  also  much  stronger. 

Formation  and  locality:  Middle  Devonian  (Up.  Helderberg?). 
Falls  of  the  Ohio. 

Fenestella  pulchella,  n.  sp.  (PI.  I.,  fig.  4,  4a).'' 

(Ety.,  pulchellus,  pretty.) 

Zoarium  flabellate  and  always  more  or  less  inclined  to  form  a very 
shallow  funnel.  Inner  side  poriferous.  Outer  portion  of  expansion 
irregularly  undulated.  Diameter  of  entire  zoarium  not  known  to 
exceed  6 cm. 

Poriferous  side:  Branches  rather  stout,  strongly  carinate,  fre- 
quently bifurcated  and  somewhat  flexuous,  especially  so  near  the  point 
of  attachment;  width  varying  from  .38  to  .40  mm.;  seven  or  eight 
occur  in  5 mm.  Dissepiments  carinated,  from  one-half  to  nearly  as 
wide  as  the  branches,  expanded  at  their  ends,  and  varying  greatly  in 
length.  On  this  account  the  fenestrules  also  vary  in  their  width, 
being  in  some  cases  quite  as  great  as  that  of  the  branches,  while  that 
of  others  of  the  same  fragment  may  not  exceed  one-fourth  of  their 
width.  Their  length  is  more  uniform,  though  by  no  means  constant ; 
in  the  space  of  5 mm.,  the  average  number  is  about  three  or  four. 
Zooecia,  comparatively  large,  in  two  ranges,  one  on  each  side  of  the 
strong  and  sharp  median  keel.  Apertures  circular,  about  .14  mm.  in 
diameter,  with  a distinct  peristome ; about  twenty-two  in  5 mm.  In- 
tervals between  apertures  of  slightly  less  width  than  their  diameter. 

On  the  non-poriferous  side  the  branches  are  rounded  or  a little 


10 


Contributions  to  American  Palceontology, 


flattened,  and  ornamented  by  extremely  fine  granular  striae.  The 
general  appearance  of  this  side  varies  greatly  in  difierent  fragments. 
In  some  the  width  of  the  branches,  and  form  and  size  of  the  fenes- 
trules,  is  fairly  constant,  while  in  others  they  are  very  irregular,  with 
some  of  the  branches  thicker  and  more  prominent  than  others,  and 
the  fenestrules  varying  from  broad  oval  to  sub-linear.  Dissepiments  not 
depressed,  generally  about  two-thirds  as  wide  as  the  branches. 

This  species  is  remarkably  variable  in  the  form  and  size  of  the  fen- 
estrules, and  to  a less  degree  in  the  width  of  the  branches.  On  the 
other  hand,  however,  it  is  very  constant  in  the  size  and  arrangement 
of  the  cells,  and  the  granulo-striate  ornamentation  of  the  back  of 
the  branches.  These  characters,  as  well  as  the  large  size  of  the 
fenestrules  and  branches,  distinguish  the  species  from  all  others  ot 
the  genus  known  to  me  from  the  Devonian.  I have  before  me  three 
fragments  of  what  may  prove  a variety,  but  more  probably  a distinct 
species,  in  which  the  cells  are  a little  smaller,  the  branches  more  deli- 
cate and  rigid,  the  dissepiments  slenderer,  and  the  fenestrules  more 
regular  and  quadrangular.  These  fragments,  therefore,  seem  to  be- 
long to  a species  more  delicate  in  every  respect  than  those  now 
referred  to  F.  pulchella. 

Formation  and  locality  : Middle  Devonian  (Up.  Helderberg?  ). 
Falls  of  the  Ohio. 

Fenestella  sculptilis,  n.  sp.  (PI.  I,  fig.  3.) 

(Ety.,  sculptilis,  engraved). 

Zoarium  flabellate,  strong,  and  somewhat  undulated,  with  a diam- 
eter of  about  two  inches. 

Poriferous  side : Branches  stout,  remotely  bifurcated,  sub-equal, 
eight  or  nine  in  the  space  of  5 mm.,  each  having  a width  varying  from 
.33  to  .50  mm.  Dissepiments  strong,  about  two-thirds  as  wide  as  the 
branches.  Fenestrules  narrow,  elliptical,  about  twice  as  long  as  wide, 
and,  generally,  about  half  as  wide  as  the  branches  ; seven  or  eight 
may  be  counted  in  the  length  of  5 mm.  Along  the  centre  of  both  the 
branches  and  dissepiments  is  an  irregular  channel  or  groove.  The 
one  on  the  branches  passes  from  side  to  side  in  a more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly zigzag  manner  between  two  irregularly  alternating  rows  of 
compressed  nodes.  The  relative  development  of  these  nodes  is  very 
unequal,  and  in  the  narrower  branches  the  two  series  are  so  closely 
approximated  that  they  appear  to  form  but  a single  row.  At  other 
times  they  may  be  wanting  locally  on  one  or  even  on  both  sides.  In 


Contributions  to  American  Faloeontology. 


11 


all  cases,  however,  the  groove  remains  as  a clearly  defined  feature, 
and  because  of  its  irregularly  zigzag  direction,  gives  the  celluliferous 
surface  a peculiar  and  very  characteristic  toughness.  Zooecia  in  two 
ranges,  their  apertures  circular,  largest  in  the  young  stages,  varying 
in  diameter  from  .08  to  .11  mm.;  from  twenty-three  to  twenty-five 
occur  in  each  series  in  the  length  of  5 mm.  Width  of  intervals  be- 
tween the  cells  sometimes  equal  to  their  diameter ; usually  it  is  not 
more  than  two-thirds  as  wide.  Many  of  the  specimens  show  an  occa- 
sional cell  that  is  appreciably  larger  than  the  average.  These  may 
represent  ovicells. 

On  the  non-poriferous  side  the  branches  are  narrowly  rounded, 
usually  sub-equal,  smooth,  or  with  a few  irregularly  distributed  nodes. 
Fenestrules  oval,  rarely  subcircular,  wider  than  on  the  poriferous 
side.  Dissepiments  of  variable  thickness,  and  usually  smaller  than 
the  branches.  Not  infrequently  they  are  prominent,  and  form  short 
indistinct  transverse  or  oblique  ridges.  Each  zoarium  seems  to  have 
been  provided  with  a few  of  those  peculiar  thorn-like  appendages, 
which  are  so  characteristic  of  some  of  the  Lower  Carboniferous  spe- 
cies (e.  g.  F.  hanyana,  Prout).  Some  of  them  attained  a length  of  at 
least  3 cm.,  and  gradually  tapered  from  a diameter  of  1.5  mm.  to  a point. 

This  species  is  remarkable  in  having  a median  groove  instead 
of  a keel  on  the  poriferous  side  of  the  branches.  This  character  gives 
the  zoarium  such  a distinctive  aspect  that  comparisons  with  other  spe- 
cies of  the  genus  are  rendered  quite  unnecessary.  A somewhat  simi- 
lar channelling  is  usually  present  in  an  associated  species  of  Polypora. 
The  latter  is  very  common,  and  may  be  the  P.  shumardi  of  Prout. 

Formation  and  locality : Middle  Devonian  ( Up.  Helderberg  ? ). 
Falls  of  the  Ohio. 

Fenestella  bigeneris,  n.  sp.  (PI  II.  fig.  1,  la.) 

(Ety.,  bigeneris,  of  two  kinds.) 

Zoarium  flabellate,  robust,  slightly  undulating,  as  much  as  three 
inches  in  diameter. 

Poriferous  side : Branches  equal,  rigid,  strong  and  high,  but  not 
stout,  about  .33  mm.  in  width ; eleven  or  twelve  occur  in  5 mm. 
Median  ridge  thin,  high,  and  very  frail.  In  the  perfect  state  it  is  slightly 
expanded  at  the  top,  and  surmounted  by  small  irregular  transverse 
ridges  or  nodes,  which  project  on  each  side  and  give  the  margin  of  the 
keel  a distinctly  crenulated  or  toothed  character.  These  transversely 
extended  nodes  correspond  in  number  to  the  cells,  and  have  a length 


12 


Contributions  to  American  Faloeontology. 


about  equal  to  the  width  of  the  branch.  In  the  concave  portions  of 
the  zoarium  they  may  be^brought  into  such  close  proximity  that  an 
irregular  union  takes  place  between  those  of  the  adjoining  branches. 
This  feature,  however,  is  evidently  accidental.  Dissepiments  as  wide 
as  the  branches,  eight  in  the  length  of  5 mm.,  and  surmounted  by  a 
thin  Carina,  giving  the  fenestrules  a quadrangular  form  in  the  outer 
region  ii.  e.,  the  portion  bounded  by  the  crests  of  the  branches  and 
dissepiments).  In  passing  downwards  toward  the  non-poriferous  side, 
they  assume,  gradually,  an  elliptical  form,  with  a length  about  equal 
to  twice  their  width,  which  is  about  .22  mm.,  or  equal  to  two-thirds  of 
that  of  the  branches.  Zooecia  in  two  ranges,  usually  with  three  to 
each  fenestrule,  and  from  twenty-three  to  twenty-five  in  each  row  in 
5 mm.  Apertures  circular,  rather  small,  .08  mm.  in  diameter,  and 
separated  by  intervals,  the  width  of  which  equals  one  and  a half 
times  their  diameter. 

Non-poriferous  side  with  the  branches  rounded,  nearly  equal 
throughout,  and  covered  with  numerous  granules,  when  not  worn. 
The  dissepiments  are  often  as  wide  as  the  branches,  but  usually  a 
little  narrower,  and  in  many  cases  more  prominent  than  the  branches. 
The  fenestrules,  while  in  most  cases  of  an  elongate  elliptical  form,  are 
frequently  inclined  to  become  quadrangular.  Their  greatest  width  is 
generally  a little  less  than  half  their  length. 

This  fine  species  resembles  in  some  of  its  characters  the  F.  proe- 
cursor,  Hall,  from  the  Lower  Helderberg  group,  but  they  are  clearly 
distinct,  since  the  dissepiments  in  that  species  are  much  thinner,  and 
the  carinse  of  different  construction.  In  Hall’s  species  the  crest  is 
terminated  above  by  a straight,  obtusely  angular  ridge,  and  the  lateral 
margins  extended  in  slender  processes,  while  in  F.  bigeneris\  the 
Carina  is  terminated  by  a series  of  transversely  extended  nodes.  The 
summit  of  the  carina  is  therefore  quite  different  in  the  two  species 
since  in  the  one  it  is  smooth,  and  in  the  other  crenulated.  The  char- 
acters of  F.  bigeneris  are  so  distinctive  that  specimens  in  a good  state 
of  preservation  can  not  be  confounded  with  any  associated  species. 
The  propriet}"  of  referring  species  of  this  order  to  Fenestella  might  be 
questioned,  as  they  clearly  approach  the  genus  Hemitrypa.  I con- 
sider it  very  undesirable,  however,  that  any  but  such  species  in  which 
tfie  lateral  processes  of  the  carinae  are  united  so  as  to  leave  regular 
series  of  openings,  should  be  placed  under  Hemitrypa.  This  course 
admits  of  a better  definition  of  the  two  genera,  and  to  me  seems  pre- 
ferable to  any  other. 


Contributions  to  American  Falceontology. 


13 


Formation  and  locality:  Middle  Devonian  (Up.  Helderberg?). 
Falls  of  the  Ohio. 

Semicoscinium  obliquatum,  n.  sp.  (PI.  I.,  fig.  5,  ba). 

(Ety.,  obliquus,  oblique). 

Zoarium  infundibular,  celluliferous  on  the  outside,  attached  to 
foreign  objects  by  a strong,  expanded,  ridged  and  irregularly  porif- 
erous or  compact  base.  A short  distance  above  the  base  the  zoarium 
expands  more  or  less  rapidly,  and  the  outer  portions  are  often  some- 
what wavy.  Diameter  of  entire  specimen  not  known  to  exceed  2^ 
inches.  In  the  majority  of  specimens  it  is  inches  or  less. 

Poriferous  side:  Branches  stout,  frequently  a little  sinuous,  and 
connected  by  slightly  depressed,  short  but  wide  dissepiments,  of  which 
six  occur  in  the  space  of  5 mm.  Width  of  branches  varying  from  .33 
to  .50  mm. ; ten  or  eleven  in  5 mm.  Width  of  dissepiments  about  .50 
mm.  Fenestrules  of  variable  shape  and  size,  usually  rather  small, 
and  of  an  elliptical  form.  Carinm  high,  strongest  near  the  base,  from 
which  they  gradually  diminish  in  strength  till  at  the  outer  margin  of 
the  zoarium  they  are  reduced  to  a simple  thin  ridge.  When  fully  de- 
veloped the  summit  is  abruptly  expanded  into  a flat  or  concave  band, 
about  one-half  as  wide  as  the  branch.  Zooecia  in  two  ranges,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  median  keel ; twenty-two  to  twenty-four  in  5 mm. 
Apertures  often  oblique,  sub-circular,  about  .08  mm.  in  diameter, 
with  the  outer  margin  prominent.  Interspaces  about  equal  to  the 
aperture  diameter.  When  worn,  the  zooecia  are  angular  and  thin- 
walled,  the  median  plate  thin  and  straight,  or  zigzag,  according  as  the 
cells  are  opposite  or  alternate  in  their  arrangement. 

On  the  non-poriferous  side  the  branches  are  narrow,  depressed, 
and  more  or  less  zigzag  in  their  direction,  the  dissepiments  prominent, 
with  a strong  node  at  the  upper  margin,  giving  them  an  oblique  and 
very  characteristic  appearance.  The  fenestrules  are  usually  of  an 
obscurely  rhomboidal  form,  but  may  be  sub-triangular  or  elliptical. 
Measuring  diagonally,  eight  or  nine  occur  in  5 mm.  Beside  the 
large  nodes  already  mentioned,  numerous  smaller  ones  may  be 
present. 

Species  of  this  genus  are  less  readily  recognized  by  the  characters 
of  the  poriferous  surface  than  by  those  of  the  opposite  side.  This  is 
due,  first,  to  the  fact  that  the  poriferous  side  is  very  nearly  alike  in 
all,  and,  second,  because  this  side,  in  the  ordinary  state  of  preserva- 
tion, is  almost  invariably  obscured  by  the  adhering  matrix,  which  it  is 


14 


Contributions  to  American  Palceontology. 


quite  impossible  to  remove  from  between  the  carinae.  Among  the 
silicified  and  exquisitely  preserved  bryozoa  from  the  Ohio  falls  I find 
no  difficulty  in  separating  at  least  six  species,  by  the  peculiarities  of 
the  inner  or  non-poriferous  side  alone.  The  differences  are  found  in 
the  form  and  size  of  the  fenestrules,  the  thickness  and  characters  of 
the  branches  and  dissepiments,  some  being  fiat,  and  others  simply 
convex,  while  in  two  of  them  the  branches  are  thinner  than  the  dis- 
sepiments, and,  on  account  of  the  prominence  of  the  anterior  margin 
of  the  latter,  the  fenestrules  penetrate  the  frond  in  an  oblique  man- 
ner. S.  obliquaium  resembles  S.  rJiomboideum,  Prout,  the  type  of  the 
genus,  more  nearly  than  any  other  known  to  me.  ProuPs  species, 
however,  is  a much  larger  form,  with  stronger  branches,  and  more 
uniformly  rhomboidal  fenestrules  on  the  non-poriferous  side.  The 
branches  on  that  side  differ  also  in  being  faintly  angular,  and  without 
nodes  or  spines.  Another  difference  may  be  observed  on  the  porif- 
erous side,  where  the  expanded  summit  of  the  carinae  is  found  to  be 
sub-angular  above  and  crenulated  on  each  side. 

Formation  and  locality : Not  uncommon.  Middle  Devonian 
(Up.  Helderberg  ?).  Falls  of  the  Ohio. 

Semicoscinium  infraporosa,  n.  sp.  (PI.  I.,  fig.  6,  6a,  6b.) 

(Ety.,  i7ifra,  underneath;  porosa,  full  of  pores.) 

Zoarium  small,  infundibuliform,  celluliferous  and  ridged  on  the 
outer  side,  3cm.  or  less  in  height,  and  not  more  than  3.5cm.  in  diame- 
ter ; basal  expansion  comparatively  small. 

Poriferous  side:  Branches  of  moderate  strength,  often  slightly 
fiexuous,  connected  by  rather  short,  wide  and  depressed  dissepiments, 
of  which  six  occur  in  5 mm.,  while  nine  to  eleven  branches  occupy  the 
same  space.  Width  of  each  branch  varying  from  .30  to  .50  mm. 
Fenestrules  of  variable  size,  circular  or  ovate.  Carinae  strongest  near 
the  base,  gradually  diminishing  in  strength  and  height  toward  the 
upper  margin  of  the  zoarium.  When  fully  developed,  the  summit  is 
expanded,  and  faintly  angular  or  rounded  above,  while  each  of  the 
sides  of  the  expanded  portion  presents  a variable  series  of  pits  or  cells 
with  sub-circular  apertures,  the  diameter  of  which  is  greater  than 
that  of  the  zooecia  below  them.  Zooecia  in  two  ranges,  one  on  each 
side  of  the  median  keel ; twenty  to  twenty-two  in  5 mm.  Apertures 
sub-circular,  about  .09  mm.  in  diameter,  with  a faintly  elevated 
margin  or  peristome.  Inter-spaces  equal  to  nearly  twice  the  aperture 
diameter. 


Contributions  to  American  Palocontology. 


15 


On  the  non-poriferous  side  the  fenestrules  are  very  irregular  in 
form  and  size,  varying  from  elongate  elliptical  to  sub-circular,  and 
from  .25  to  .50  mm.  in  diameter.  The  branches  and  dissepiments  are 
somewhat  flattened,  as  wide  as,  or  wider  than  the  fenestrules,  and, 
unless  critically  examined,  not  distinguishable  from  each  other. 
Large  pores  of  the  same  nature  as  those  on  the  margin  of  the  carinae, 
with  an  average  diameter  of  about  .13  mm.,  are  irregularly  distributed 
over  the  surface  of  the  branches  and  dissepiments.  Their  number 
varies  considerably  in  different  specimens,  but,  so  far  as  observed, 
never  exceeds  the  number  shown  in  fig.  6,  while  in  some  specimens 
(locally,  at  least)  they  are  scarcely  half  as  numerous 

This  species  must  be  closely  related  to  the  Fenestrapora  hiperforata^ 
Hall.*  That  species  is  illustrated  by  but  one  figure,  representing  a 
portion  of  the  non-celluliferous  side  of  the  zoarium,  magnified,  but  to 
what  extent  is  not  stated.  The  description  was  not  intended,  I sup- 
pose, to  be  specific,  as  no  measurements  are  given.  If  the  figure  is 
correct,  then  S.  infraporosa  is  a distinct  species,  since  the  pores  on 
the  non-celluliferous  side  are  more  numerous,  and  the  branches  and 
dissepiments  much  thinner  than  they  are  in  my  species.  Until  the 
nature  of  the  irregularly  distributed  pores  on  the  reverse  of  the 
branches  is  better  understood,  I am  not  inclined  to  recognize  Fenes- 
trapora  as  distinct  from  Semicoseinium,  Pores  apparently  of  the  same 
nature  occur  in  other  members  of  the  Fenestellidce,  and  also  in  Sep- 
topora,  Prout. 

Formation  and  locality:  Middle  Devonian  (Up.  Helderberg ?). 
Falls  of  the  Ohio. 

Unitrypa  retrorsa,  n.  sp.  (PI.  I.,  fig.  7,  la,  lb,  Ic.) 

(Ety.,  retrorsus,  turned  backwards.) 

Zoarium  large,  strong,  several  inches  in  diameter ; at  first  funnel- 
shaped,  then  decumbent  and  more  or  less  undulating ; poriferous  on 
the  outer  side. 

Poriferous  or  outer  side  of  branches,  when  stripped  of  the  trans- 
versely connected  carinae,  (this  is  not  often  the  case)  somewhat  sinu- 
ous, about  .29  mm.  in  diameter;  with  two  rows  of  comparatively  large 
zooecia,  the  apertures  of  which  are  elevated,  sub-circular,  and  sepa- 
rated from  each  other  by  interspaces  of  a width  about  equal  to  their 
diameter ; eleven  or  twelve  branches  in  5 mm.;  twenty-two  to  twenty- 
four  cells  in  the  same  distance.  Dissepiments  short,  wide,  depressed. 

"Generic  illustration  of  Bryozoa.  PI.  II.  fig.  17.  Report  State  Geologist.  1885. 


IJNr  -e.VY  C-  I!*  ’313 
AT  US0ANA-CHA!y1PA!G'» 


16 


Contributions  to  American  Palaeontology, 


Fenestrules  elliptical,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  wide,  and  one-half  to 
two-thirds  as  wide  as  the  branches.  Width  of  dissepiments  and  length 
of  fenestrules  generally  about  equal  to  the  width  of  the  branches. 
Six  fenestrules  in  5 mm.  The  outer  layer,  formed  by  the  connected 
carinae,  is  usually  preserved.  Its  thickness  is  nearly  equal  to  that  of 
the  celluliferous  branches.  A cross  section  (pi.  I.  fig.  7c)  shows  that 
just  above  the  latter  the  carina  is  very  thin.  At  a point  about  mid 
way  between  the  top  of  the  branch  and  the  outer  surface  of  the 
expansion,  it  begins  to  expand  and  unite  with  the  adjacent  carinae  by 
means  of  strong  transverse  bars.  These  bars  have  a width  a little  less 
or  about  equal  to  that  of  the  elliptical  interspaces  left.  They  are  ver- 
tically flattened,  and  at  first  are  thin  and  directed  obliquely  forward, 
then,  bending  backward  at  nearly  a right  angle,  they  assume  a direc- 
tion opposite  to  that  originally  maintained  by  them  (pi.  I.,  fig.  76.). 
The  apertures  of  the  interstices  are,  therefore,  also  directed  obliquely 
backward.  This  peculiarity  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  principal  fea- 
tures of  the  species,  and  suggested  the  name.  Summit  of  carina 
faintly  angular  and  slightly  elevated.  Thirteen  or  fourteen  of  the 
transverse  bars  occur  in  5 mm. 

The  characters  of  the  non-poriferous  side  vary  greatly  with  age  and 
for  other  causes.  In  young  examples  the  branches  and  dissepiments, 
are  much  thinner  than  in  fully  matured  specimens,  while  the  latter  are 
generally  also  more  prominent,  and  form  transverse  or  diagonal 
ridges  In  the  arrangement  of  the  fenestrules  is  found  a prolific  source 
for  variation.  When  they  are  alternate,  as  shown  in  fig  76.,  pi.  I., 
the  branches  and  dissepiments  are  sub-angular,  and  form  more  or  less 
distinctly  defined  hexagonal  areas ; but,  when  opposite,  the  branches 
are  thinner  and  less  prominent  than  the  dissepiments,  both  are  nar- 
rowly rounded  or  angular,  while  the  fenestrules  are  quadrate.  All 
intermediate  gradations  between  these  extremes  may  occur  on  the 
same  fragment.  The  fenestrules  are  always  longer  than  wide,  and 
usually  of  less  width  than  the  branches. 

This  fine  species  differs  from  all  other  species  of  the  genus  in  the 
retroflexion  of  the  transverse  bars  and  interspaces. 

Formation  and  locality:  Middle  Devonian  (Up.  Helderberg ? ). 
Common  at  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio. 


Contributions  to  American  Palceontology. 


1 


Unitrypa  conferta,  n.  sp.  (PL  I.,  fig.  8,  8a.) 

(Ety.,  confertus,  close  together.) 

Zoarium  strong,  two  inches  or  more  in  diameter,  attached  to 
foreign  objects  by  a small,  compact  base,  above  which  it  assumes  the 
shape  of  a rapidly  diverging  funnel,  with  the  outer  margins  of  the 
expansion  slightly  waved.  Carinae  high,  thin  at  their  origin  on  tlie 
top  of  the  branches,  with  the  summit  expanded,  rounded,'about  .16 
mm.  wide,  and  prominetly  elevated  above  the  level  of  the  transverse 
connecting  bars.  The  latter  are  only  about  half  as  thick  as  the  longi- 
tudinal ridges,  and  separated  by  transversely  elongated  interspaces, 
the  width  of  which  is  about  equal  to  that  of  the  bars ; twenty-six  or 
twenty-seven  occur  in  the  length  of  5 mm.  Measuring  transversely 
across  the  frond,  twelve  branches  and  carinse  occupy  the  same  space. 
The  transverse  bars  are  really  thin  plates,  having  a sort  of  imbricating 
arrangement,  as  they  are  not  vertical,  but  directed  obliquely  back- 
ward. When  stripped  of  this  other  layer,  the  celluliferous  surface  of 
the  branches  is  exposed.  Here  the  branches  are  about  .28  mm.  wide, 
somewhat  rigid,  with  two  rows  of  zooecia,  twenty-three  to  twenty-five 
in  each  range  in  5 mm.  When  preserved,  the  apertures  are  circular, 
.08  mm.  in  diameter,  with  a strongly  elevated  margin,  and  separated 
by  interspaces  of  greater  width  than  the  apertures.  Dissepiments 
very  short  and  depressed,  from  one-half  to  nearly  as  wide  as  the 
branches.  Fenestrules  narrow,  twice  as  long  as  wide,  and  usually 
about  half  the  width  of  the  branches ; nine  in  5 mm. 

Non-poriferous  side  of  the  branches  often  slightly  flexuous,  smooth, 
rounded,  and  of  less  width  than  on  the  opposite  side.  Dissepi- 
ments variable,  being  in  some  cases  stronger  and  more  prominent  than 
the  branches,  in  others  the  height  and  width  of  the  two  are  about 
equal,  while  in  a few  cases  the  branches  are  widest,  and  the  dissepi- 
ments even  a little  depressed.  The  fenestrules  are  always  somewhat 
longer  than  wide,  but  vary  from  sub-quadrate  to  sub-circular  in  form. 
The  width  is  usually  about  equal  to  that  of  the  branches. 

Associated  with  the  specimens  now  referred  to  this  species,  I find  a 
number  of  others  which  belong  to  a closely  allied  species  or  variety. 
They  differ  from  U.  conferta,  in  having  the  summit  of  the  carinae 
much  thinner,  and  less  elevated  above  the  level  of  the  transverse  bars. 
On  the  non-poriferous  side  the  branches  are  thinner  and  the  fenes- 
trules larger.  These  specimens  may  belong  to  the  U,  spatiosa,  Hall, 
the  type  of  the  genus,  but  till  that  species  is  fully  described,  I will  not 
attempt  to  identify  them  with  it.  From  U.  retrorsa  the  present  spe- 


18  Contributions  to  American  Falceontology. 

cies  differs  so  obviously  in  the  greater  number  of  the  transverse  bars 
that  detailed  comparisons  are  rendered  unnecessary. 

Formation  and  locality:  Middle  Devonian  (Up.  Helderberg ?). 
Not  uncommon  at  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio. 

POLYPORA  TRANSVERSA,  n.  sp.  (PI.  II.,  fig.  2,  2a.) 

(Ety.,  transverms,  cross-wise.) 

Zoarium  of  moderate  size,  flabellate,  and  somewhat  undulated. 

Poriferous  side : Branches  strong,  straight,  and  regular,  varying 
in  width  from  .35  mm.  immediately  after  bifurcation,  to  .66  mm. 
just  before  division  takes  place,  seven  or  eight  in  5 mm.  Dissepi- 
ments short,  about  as  wide  as  the  branches,  and  much  depressed. 
Fenestrules  very  narrow,  five  in  the  length  of  5 mm.  On  account  of 
the  depression  of  the  dissepiments  and  the  narrowness  of  the  fenes- 
trules, this  side  of  the  frond  appears  to  be  traversed  longitudinajly  by 
narrow  furrows.  Zooecia  in  two  ranges  immediately  after  bifurca- 
tion ; this  number  is  soon  increased  to  three,  and  before  the  branch 
divides,  to  four ; twenty-two  or  twenty-three  occur  in  5 mm.  The 
apertures  are  small,  sub-circular,  .07  mm.  in  diameter,  and  occupy 
the  summits  of  papillose  elevations,  which  are,  in  most  cases,  later- 
ally confluent,  and  form  transverse  or  oblique  ridges,  with  narrow 
furrows  between  them. 

On  the  non-poriferous  side  the  branches  are  narrowly  rounded  and 
smooth,  with  the  dissepiments  somewhat  thinner,  slightly  prominent, 
even,  or  faintly  depressed.  The  fenestrules  are  elliptical,  much  wider 
than  on  the  opposite  side,  and  once  and  a half  as  long  as  wide. 

This  species  resembles  another  new  species  from  the  Chester 
group  more  closely  than  any  other  known  to  me.  Both  are  related  to 
the  P.  biarmica,  Keyserling,  from  the  Carboniferous  of  Russia.  P. 
transversa  differs  from  those  species  in  having  the  cell  apertures  ar- 
ranged transversely  upon  ridges,  and  in  being  smaller.  The  narrow 
fenestrules  and  depressed  dissepiments  distinguish  it  from  the  asso- 
ciated species  of  the  genus. 

Formation  and  locality:  Middle  Devonian  (Up.  Helderberg?). 
Falls  of  the  Ohio. 

POLYPORA  BLANDIDA,  n.  sp.  (PL  II.,  fig.  3,  3a.) 

, (Ety.,  blandidus,  pleasing.) 

Zoarium  delicate,  infundibuliform,  poriferous  on  the  inner  side ; 
with  a^small  base  near  which  the  backs  of  the  branches  send  down 


Contributions  to  American  Palceontology.  19 

thin  supports  or  rootlets.  Entire  height,  not  exceeding  4 cm.  so  far 
as  observed. 

Poriferous  side:  The  branches  have  a delicate  aspect,  bifurcate 
freel3^,  and  vary  in  width  from  .40  to  .70  mm.;  about  five  in  5 mm. 
Dissepiments  sharply  carinate,  depressed,  of  variable  length,  about 
four-fifths  as  wide  as  the  branches.  Fenestrules  large,  generally 
about  as  wide  as  the  branches,  and  two  or  three  times  longer  than 
wide  ; five  or  six  occur  in  10  mm.  Zooecia  in  three  rows,  but  below 
the  bifurcation  the  number  is  increased  to  four  or  five.  Apertures 
small,  .06  mm.  in  diameter,  with  strongly  elevated  margins,  giving 
them  a papillose  appearance ; often  arranged  in  transverse  or  diago- 
nally intersecting  series.  Measuring  longitudinally,  twenty  occur  in  5 
mm.  The  interspaces  are  wide,  and  sometimes  ornamented  with  ver- 
micular striae.  A series  of  small  inconspicuous  and  widely  separated 
nodes  is  often  present  along  the  center  of  the  branches. 

On  the  non-poriferous  side  the  branches  are  narrowly  rounded, 
smooth,  and  slightly  thinner  than  on  the  opposite  side.  Dissepiments 
as  strong  as  the  branches,  and  usually  not  prominent.  Fenestrules 
wider  than  on  the  poriferous  side,  and  therefore  of  more  nearly  oval 
form. 

Species  of  this  character  approach  Thamniscus,  King.  In  fact, 
they  differ  from  the  typical  species  of  that  genus  only,  in  possessing  a 
much  greater  number  of  dissepiments.  These  structures  are  gener- 
ally supposed  to  be  entirely  absent  in  Thamniscus,  but  that  they  are 
developed  occasionally  is  shown  by  one  of  my  specimens  of  T.  duhius, 
Schlotheim  (sp.),  the  type  of  the  genus.  A number  of  species  pre- 
senting characters  intermediate  between.  Polypora  hlandida,  and 
Thamniscus  duhius,  occur  in  the  Lower  Carboniferous  and  Coal 
Measures,  and  it  is  not  easy  to  say  just  where  the  dividing  line  should 
he  drawn.  In  accordance  with  the  amended  definition  of  Thamniscus 
given  on  p.  5.,  I propose  to  extend  the  limits  of  the  genus  so  that  it 
will  include,  besides  the  type  species,  such  forms  as  differ  from  the 
true  species  of  Polypora,  and  agree  with  T,  dubius,  in  having  widely 
separated  zooecial  apertures  occupying  the  summits  of  elevated  pap- 
illae, frequently  bifurcated  branches,  and  remote,  irregular  dissepi- 
ments. The  facts  here  noted  sufliciently  explain  the  removal  of 
Thamniscus  from  the  Acanthocladiidce  to  the  Fenestellidce. 

Specifically,  P.  blandida  differs  from  the  numerous  Devonian 
species  of  the  genus  known  to  me,  by  the  infundibulate  form  of  the 
zoarium  and  the  widely  separated  zooecial  apertures. 


20 


Contributions  to  American  Palceontology. 


Formation  and  locality:  Middle  Devonian  (Up.  Helderberg? ). 
Falls  of  the  Ohio. 

Fistulipoka  normalis,  n.  sp.  (PL  IL,  fig.  4,  4n,  4^.) 

(Ety.,  normalis,  according  to  rule.) 

Zoarium  incrusting,  or  partially  free,  consisting  of  an  irregularly 
undulating,  lamellate  expansion,  from  one  to  four  mm.  thick,  accord- 
ing to  the  number  of  super-imposed  layers ; under  surface  with  a very 
thin,  more  or  less  wrinkled,  epithical  membrane.  Zooecia  tubular, 
with  sub-circular  or  elliptical  apertures,  arranged  in  obscurely  radiat- 
ing series  around  the  sub-stellate  maculae,  which  are  distributed  over 
the  surface  at  intervals  of  about  4 mm.  Central  portion  of  maculae 
smooth,  concave,  and  of  variable  size.  Apertures  of  zooecia  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  maculae,  about  .28  mm.  in  diameter ; the 
diameter  of  the  apertures  gradually  decreases  in  all  directions  from 
the  maculae  till  it  is  no  more  than  .20  mm.,  the  ordinary  size  of  those 
in  the  inter-macular  spaces;  here  fifteen  or  sixteen  cells  occur  in  a 
row  5 mm.  long.  The  anterior  margin  of  the  apertures  is  very  thin 
and  faintly  elevated,  while  the  posterior  side  (i.  e.,  the  side  nearest  to 
a macula)  is  thicker,  more  prominent,  and  of  crescentic  form,  with 
one  or  both  extremities  projecting  slightly  into  the  aperture.  In  well- 
preserved  examples  the  inter-apertural  spaces  are  smooth,  concave, 
and  rather  narrow,  being  generally  only  about  half  as  wide  as  the  cell 
apertures.  When  worn  or  otherwise  injured,  the  vesicular  intersti- 
tial tissue  is  exposed.  The  vesicles  form  a single  series  around  the 
zooecia ; in  vertical  sections  they  constitute  a closely  woven  tissue. 
The  zooecial  tubes  are  provided  with  one  or  two  diaphragms;  some- 
times they  appear  to  be  absent. 

This  species  is  in  every  respect  a genuine  Fistulipora,  and  for  that 
reason  is  here  described  and  figured.  It  may  have  been  named  by 
Hall,  in  his  pamphlet  on  the  Upper  Helderberg  bryozoa,  where  he 
names  a large  number  of  Lichenalia  species,  but  as  I have  found  it 
utterly  impossible  to  identify  any  of  the  species  from  the  brief  and 
sometimes  vague  descriptions,  I have  deemed  it  best  to  name  the 
species  as  above.  From  a recent  paper  on  the  genus  Fistulipora^  by 
Nicholson  and  Foord,  it  appears  that  now  the  only  remaining  excuse 
for  the  always  uncertain  genus  Lichenalia  has  been  removed,  by  find- 
ing that  the  type  specimen  of  McCoy's  Fistulipora^  possesses  a structure 
difiering  in  no  essential  feature  from  the  Upper  Silurian  L.  concentrica. 
Lichenalia,,  therefore,  must  be  dropped  from  the  list,  and  Fistulipora 
used  instead. 


Contributions  to  American  Paloeontology. 


21 


Formation  and  locality:  Middle  Devonian  (Up.  Helderberg? ). 
Falls  of  the  Ohio. 

Eridopora  minima,  n.  sp.  (PI.  II.,  fig.  6,  6a.) 

(Ety.,  minimus,  the  smallest.) 

Zoarium  encrusting,  very  thin,  expanded,  with  slightly  elevated 
stellate  maculae,  arranged  in  curved  series,  about  3 mm.  distant  from 
each  other,  measuring  from  centre  to  centre.  Zooecia  short,  tubular, 
very  oblique,  or  nearly  prostrate,  gradually  becoming  less  so  and 
smaller  in  all  directions  from  the  depressed  and  smooth  central  por- 
tion of  the  maculae.  Apertures  small,  directed  away  from  the 
maculae,  usually  of  triangular  form,  but  when  perfect  somewhat  re. 
sembling  the  figure  3 ; posterior  margin  strongly  elevated,  slightly 
arched,  acutely  pointed  above,  and  deeply  notched  in  front;  the 
arrangement  is  very  regular  in  intersecting  and  radiating  series;  in 
the  spaces  between  the  maculae  seventeen  or  eighteen  occur  in  5 mm. 
The  interstital  spaces  are  concave,  smooth,  and  wider  than  the  zooe- 
cia ; internally  they  are  occupied  by  vesicular  tissue.  Zooecial  tubes, 
so  far  as  observed,  without  diaphragms. 

This  beautiful  species  agrees  in  every  important  feature  with  the 
typical  species  of  Pridopora,  proposed  by  me  in  the  “ American  Palae- 
ozoic Bryozoa”  (Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  v.,  p.  137).  A 
number  of  species  of  the  same  order  are  known  to  me  from  the  De- 
vonian and  Lower  carboniferous  deposits,  and,  although  some  of  them 
ai\>])roach.  Fistulipor a in  a more  or  less  decided  manner ; the  group, 
nevertheless,  deserves  generic  recognition,  because  of  the  unquestion- 
able affinity  with  the  Ceramoporidce.  The  difficulty  of  defining  the 
limits  of  genera  always  increases  with  the  discover}^  of  new  species. 
This  is  to  be  expected  if  the  theory  of  evolution  is  founded  upon  facts. 
In  my  opinion  it  is  no  longer  a theory,  but  a law,  that  is  being  dem- 
onstrated over  and  over  again  by  the  continual  discovery  of  inter- 
mediate species  and  varieties,  all  tending  to  make  the  lines  sepa- 
rating species,  genera,  and  other  divisions  employed  in  nomenclature, 
fainter  and  fainter,  till,  in  some  groups,  the  naturalist  is  confronted 
with  the  extremely  difficult  task  of  classifying  the  links  of  an  almost 
uninterrupted  chain. 

The  minuteness  of  the  cells  and  the  acute  termination  of  the 
strongly  elevated  posterior  margin  are  peculiarities  which  distinguish 
F.  minima  froni  the  associated  Fistuliporidce. 


22 


Contributiom  to  American  Paloeontology. 


Formation  and  locality:  Middle  Devonian  (Up.  Helderberg  ?). 
Falls  of  the  Ohio. 

Buscopora,  n.  gen. 

Zoaria  thin,  lamellate,  incrusting  or  free;  under  surface  with  a 
concentrically  wrinkled  epitheca.  Zooecia  tubular,  short,  with  sub- 
circular  apertures,  and  a faintly  elevated  border  or  peristome;  poste- 
rior margin  more  elevated  than  the  anterior,  with  a strong  tooth-like 
process,  which  projects  nearly  half  across  the  aperture,  is  bidenticu- 
late  at  its  termination,  and  constitutes  a ridge  on  the  inner  side  of  the 
zooecia.  A variable  number  of  smaller  accessory  cells,  with  elevated 
sub-circular  apertures,  is  present;  besides,  a few  large  tumid  cells 
(ovicells  ? ),  may  also  occur  among  the  ordinary  zooecia.  Interstitial 
spaces  vesiculose.  Zooecial  tubes  with  diaphragms. 

Type.  B,  dentata,  n.  sp. 

The  genus  differs  from  Fistulipora,  McCoy,  in  the  tooth-like  pro- 
cess and  accessory  cells.  The  tooth  or  ridge  is  represented  in  all  the 
Fistuliporidce,  but  in  none  of  the  genera,  so  far  proposed,  does  it  form 
a conspicuous  external  feature.  In  Fistulipora  there  is  a small  cres- 
centic lip  on  the  posterior  margin  of  the  apertures,  the  extremities  of 
which  project  more  or  less  into  the  visceral  cavity.  The  appearance 
presented  in  transverse  sections  reminds  one  considerably  of  a circle, 
inside  of  which  a short  and  more  narrowly  curved  line  is  drawn,  so 
that  the  enclosed  line  touches  the  circle  on  one  side.  In  Buscopora 
it  is  quite  different,  since  the  central  portion  of  the  “lip,”  instead  of 
the  extremities,  is  drawn  out  into  a tooth-like  process. 

I have  seen  only  two  species  having  the  above  characters.  Both 
are  from  the  Devonian  at  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio.  B.  dentata  is  re- 
garded as  the  typical  species.  The  other  differs  mainly  in  having 
wider  interstitial  spaces. 

It  gives  me  pleasure  to  name  the  genus  in  honor  of  Mr.  George 
Busk,  of  England,  to  whom  students  of  fossil  bryozoa  are  indebted  for 
several  very  valuable  works. 

Buscopora  dentata,  n.  sp.  (PI.  II.,  fig.  5,  5a.) 

(Ety.,  dentatus,  toothed.) 

Zoarium  incrusting  or  free  ; consisting  of  one  or  more  layers, 
which  form  small,  irregular,  lamellate  expansions,  from  .5  mm.  to  1.5 
mm.  thick ; under  surface  with  a very  thin,  concentrically  wrinkled 
epitheca.  Zooecia  tubular,  with  apertures  always  a little  wider  than 


Contributions  to  American  Palceontology. 


long,  more  or  less  oblique,  and,  according  to  the  width  of  the  inter- 
stitial spaces,  of  sub-angular  to  sub-cirCular  form.  Posterior  margin 
faintly  elevated,  with  a strong  tooth-like  process,  which  projects 
nearly  half  across  the  aperture,  and  is  split  or  bidenticulate  at  its  ter- 
mination. Interstitial  spaces  varying  in  width  with  age,  being,  com- 
paratively, very  thin  in  the  younger  stages,  while  the  walls  of  adja- 
cent zooecia  appear  to  be  in  contact,  and  their  apertures  without  the 
posterior  elevated  border  or  ‘‘lip.”  In  the  most  fully  matured  exam- 
ple observed,  PL  II.,  fig.  5a,  the  lip  is  a well-marked  feature,  the 
zooecial  apertures  smaller  and  more  nearly  circular,  and  the  intersti- 
tial spaces  somewhat  depressed  and  wider,  though  still  narrow,  the 
width  in  no  case  being  greater  than  that  of  the  cell  apertures,  and 
usually  much  less.  At  intervals  of  about  5 mm.,  the  surface  presents 
slightly  elevated  maculae,  the  centers  of  which  are  smooth,  and  sub- 
stellate,  but  of  variable  size.  The  zooecia  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  these  centers  are  only  a little  larger  than  those  in  the  intermediate 
spaces,  where  twelve  or  thirteen  occur  in  5 mm.  The  apertures  are 
arranged  in  very  regular,  diagonally  intersecting  series ; their  direc- 
tion is  not  materially  disturbed  by  the  maculae  ; their  diameter  varies 
from  .24  to  .33  mm.  Insterspersed  among  the  ordinary  zooecia,  a 
variable  number  of  much  smaller  accessory  cells  are  to  be  observed ; 
their  apertures  are  sub-circular,  about  .13  mm.  in  diameter,  and 
without  the  tooth-like  process ; they  are  provided  with  an  elevated 
thin  border,  and,  usually,  occupy  a position  just  back  of  the  posterior 
margin  of  the  true  zooecia.  These  cells  are  much  more  numerous  in 
the  matured  condition  of  the  zoarium  than  in  the  specimens  with  thin 
interstitial  spaces,  representing  earlier  stages  of  development.  A 
small  number  of  large  cells,  almost  completely  closed  by  a convex  cov- 
ering, also  occur.  From  their  large  size  and  tumid  appearance  it 
seems  probable  that  they  represent  ovicells.  One  of  them  is  shown 
near  the  upper  margin  of  fig.  5a. 

Internally  the  interstitial  spaces  are  occupied  by  closely-arranged 
vesicular  tissue.  The  zooecial  tubes  are  crossed  by  diaphragms,  but 
their  number  in  a given  space  was  not  determined. 

Formation  and  locality:  Middle  Devonian  (Up.  Helderberg? ). 
Rare  at  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio. 

Lichenotrypa,  n.  gen. 

(Ety.,  Lichen,  a tree  moss;  trypa,  a perforation.) 

Zoaria  thin,  incrusting,  with  two  distinct  stages  of  development. 
In  the  first  the  colony  resembles  an  ordinary  species  of  Fistulipora, 


24 


Contributions  to  American  Paloeontology. 


\ 


with  short,  tubular  zooecia,  wide,  concave  interspaces,  sub-circular 
apertures,  the  posterior  margin  more  strongly  elevated  than  the  ante- 
rior. As  growth  proceeds  the  posterior  portion  of  the  peristomes  of 
adjacent  cells  are  united  by  thin,  irregular  walls,  which  traverse  the 
interstitial  spaces  and  gradually  form  an  elevated  and  very  irregular 
network,  with  still  greater  elevations  at  numerous  points  in  the  shape 
of  strong  spines.  Many  of  the  zooecia  -keep  pace  with  the  develop- 
ment of  this  elevated  superficial  layer,  while  others  occupy  the  bot- 
tom of  large  cavities.  Numerous  sub-angular  interstitial  cells  or  ves- 
sicles  are  interspersed  among  the  zooecia  apertures. 

Only  known  species,  Lichenotrypa  cavernosa^  n.  sp. 

This  genus  is  quite  distinct  from  Fistulipora,  McCoy,  but  as  the 
only  species  known  possesses  a vesicular  interstitial  tissue,  and  pre- 
sents other  points  of  resemblance  to  that  genus,  I propose,  provis- 
ionally, to  arrange  Lichenotrypa  with  the  Fistuliporidce. 


Lichenotrypa  cavernosa,  n.  sp.  (PI.  II.,  fig.  7.) 

(Ety.,  cavernosus,  full  of  cavities.) 

Zoarium  forming  very  thin,  irregular  crusts  upon  foreign  bodies; 
consisting  in  the  immature  stages,  which  may  be  observed  near  the 
margin  of  the  colonies,  of  a layer  resembling  an  ordinary  species  of 
Fistulipora,  in  having  zooezia  with  sub-circular  apertures,  .13  mm.  in 
diameter,  surrounded  by  a strong  but  unequal  peristome,  with  the 
interstitial  spaces  concave,  and  as  wide  or  wider  than  a cell  diameter; 
the  apertures  are  arranged  in  sub-regular  series,  ten  to  twelve  in  5 
mm.  Depressed  maculae  of  variable  size  and  distribution  are  also 
present.  As  growth  proceeds,  the  posterior  ‘"  lip  ” becomes  more  ele- 
vated, and  those  of  adjacent  cells  are  united  by  thin,  irregular  con- 
necting walls,  which  traverse  the  interstitial  spaces  and  gradually 
form  an  elevated  and  very  irregular  network,  which  at  numerous 
points  is  further  elevated  into  strong  spines.  The  apertures  of  some 
of  the  zooecia  occupy  one  side  of  the  bottom  of  large  depressions,  while 
others  have  kept  pace  with  the  elevated  network,  and  are  on  a level 
with  numerous  irregularly  distributed,  angular,  and  generally  smaller 
cells,  probably  representing  the  interstitial  vesicular  tissue  of  the  im- 
mature stage. 

The  superficial  characters  of  this  species  are  so  very  peculiar  and 
distinctive,  that  it  cannot  be  confounded  with  any  other  bryozoan 
known  to  me. 


Contributions  to  American  Paloeontology.  25 

Formation  and  locality:  Middle  Devonian  (Up.  Helderberg  ? ). 
Falls  of  the  Ohio. 

Discotrypa  devonica,  n.  sp.  (PL  II.,  fig.  8,  8a.) 

Zoarium  consisting  of  large,  thin,,  parasitic  expansions,  irregular 
in  outline,  1 mm.  or  less  in  thickness,  and  as  much  as  7 cm.  in  diam- 
eter. The  upper  surface  presents  at  intervals  of  five  or  six  mrn., 
measuring  from  centre  to  centre,  very  slightly  elevated  monticules, 
about  3 mm.  in  diameter,  which  are  very  conspicuous  on  account  of 
the  large  size  of  the  zooecial  apertures  occupying  them.  Zooecia 
short,  tubular,  with  thin  walls,  and  rhomboidal,  hexagonal,  or  polyg- 
onal apertures,  arranged  in  very  regular  intersecting  series ; in  the 
inter-monticular  spaces  the  apertures  have  a diameter  of  about  .22 
mm.,  with  fifteen  or  sixteen  in  5 mm.;  near  the  monticules  they  in- 
crease in  size,  gradually,  till  at  the  summit  of  same  they  attain  a 
diameter  of  .55  mm.,  or  even  more.  Interstitial  cells  and  spiniform 
tubuli  wanting. 

In  vertical  sections  the  tubes  are  short,  thin-walled,  nearly  pros- 
trate in  the  lower  half,  but  almost  vertical  near  the  aperture;  they 
are  traversed  by  several  horizontal  diaphragms,  about  one  tube  diam- 
eter distant  from  each  other. 

The  type  species  of  Discotrypa  is  from  the  Cincinnati  group,  but  as 
I have  collected  an  unquestionably  congeneric  species  from  the 
Keokuk  limestone,  it  is  interesting  to  note  the  occurrence  of  the 
genus  in  the  intervening  Devonian  deposits.  D.  devonica  differs  from 
both  D.  elegaiis  and  the  Keokuk  species,  in  its  parasitic  habit  of 
growth,  and  greater  size  of  the  cells  on  the  monticules.  The  con- 
spicuousness of  the  groups  of  large  cells  serves  to  distinguish  the 
species,  at  a glance,  from  the  smaller  expansions  of  an  associated 
species  of  Leptotrypa,  nearly  allied  or  identical  with  the  Choetetes 
quadrangular  is  of  Nicholson. 

Formation  and  locality:  Middle  Devonian  (Up.  Helderberg?). 
Falls  of  the  Ohio. 

BRACHIOPODA. 

SCHIZOBOLUS,  n.  gen.  (PI.  III.,  fig.  3,  3a,  35,  3c,  M.) 

Shell  oval,  depressed  convex,  slightly  inequivalved;  valves  inar- 
ticulate; structure  calcareo-corneous.  Cardinal  margin  somewhat 
thickened. 


26 


Contributions  to  American  Paloeontology. 


Ventral  valve,  with  the  apex  at  the  terminous  of  a rather  deep  notch 
in  the  posterior  margin ; interior  of  valve  with  two  pairs  of  adduc- 
tores,  separated  by  a faint  median  ridge  or  septum,  which  traverses 
the  valve  from  the  posterior  margin,  where  it  is  bifurcated,  to  a point 
about  two-thirds  of  the  length  of  the  valve  from  the  anterior  margin. 
The  posterior  adductores  are  very  faint. 

Dorsal  valve  with  the  posterior  margin  straightened,  the  apex  sub- 
terminal, and  but  little  elevated;  interior  of  valve  with  a slender 
median  septum,  which  separates  two  pairs  of  faintly  impressed  muscu- 
lar scars;  the  posterior  pair  large,  oval,  and  situated  just  in  front  of 
the  cardinal  margin ; the  anterior  pair  are  less  distinct,  smaller,  of 
triangular  shape,  narrowest  in  front,  and  situated  near  the  anterior 
extremity  of  the  mesial  septum.  Very  faint  impressions  of  lateral 
muscles  were  observed  near  the  margin  of  both  valves. 

Surface  with  concentric  striae,  and,  when  exfoliated,  also  with 
extremely  fine  radiating  lines. 

Type  JDisaina  truncata,  Hall.  Pal.,  N.  Y.,  Vol.  IV.,  p.  28,  pi.  L, 
fig.  15a,  15^,  and  pi.  II.,  fig.  36,  37. 

The  above  description  is  based  upon  a large  number  of  specimens, 
most  of  them  showing  the  interior.  The  species  is  very  common  near 
the  base  of  the  Black  slate  at  several  localities  in  Madison  Co.,  Ky., 
and  there  is  little  reason  to  doubt  its  identity  with  the  Piscina  trun- 
cata^  described  by  Hall  from  the  Genesee  slate  of  New  York. 
Usually  no  markings  of  any  kind  can  be  determined,  and  it  was  only 
after  a careful  search  that  a few  valves  were  obtained  from  which  the 
form  and  position  of  the  muscular  scars  could  be  ascertained.  In  the 
majority  of  specimens,  however,  the  slender  mesial  septum  is  shown 
more  or  less  distinctly. 

The  affinites  of  this  genus  appear  to  lie  between  the  Obolidoe  on 
the  one  side,  and  the  Discinidoe  on  the  other ; the  dorsal  valve  is  not 
unlike  that  of  Piscina,  while  the  whole  shell  resembles  Piseinisca^ 
Dali.  The  notched  cardinal  margin  of  the  ventral  valve  points  more  to 
Trematis  and  Schizocrania^  while  the  muscular  scars  are  not  materially 
different  from  those  supposed  to  be  characteristic  of  the  Obolidoe.  On 
the  whole,  therefore,  Schizobolus  seems  to  be  more  nearly  related  to 
that  family  than  to  the  Piscinidoe. 

Rhynchonella  greeniana,  n.  sp.  (PI.  III.,  fig.  1,’  la,  15,  lc2.) 

Shell  large,  ventricose  on  the  dorsal  side,  flattened  or  slightly  con- 
cave on  the  ventral,  and  deeply  sinuate  in  the  front;  length  and 


Contributions  to  American  Paloeontology. 


27 


breadth  comparing  respectively  as  five  to  six  ; convexity  as  great  as 
the  length,  or  less.  Cardinal  view  sub-trigonal ; in  a latteral  view  the 
lower  side  forms  nearly  a right  angle  with  the  ventral  side,  while  the 
dorsal  side  is  gentle  curved  and,  generally,  a little  flattened  above  the 
middle. 

Ventral  valve  gibbous  at  the  umbo,  slightly  convex  or  flattened 
toward  the  sides,  and  becoming  gradually  depressed  in  the  middle, 
and  deeply  sinuate  at  the  front.  Beak  small,  acute,  closely  incurved 
over  the  umbo  of  the  opposite  valve. 

Dorsal  valve  ventricose,  sloping  somewhat  abruptly  to  the  margin 
of  the  ventral  valve.  Mesial  region  somewhat  flattened,  with  the  fold 
scarcely  distinguishable  in  the  younger  examples  ; in  older  specimens 
the  fold  is  more  defined  and  may  be  traced  to  about  the  middle  of  the 
valve. 

Surface  marked  by  fine,  concentric  lines,  and  at  intervals  by  faint 
wrinkles  indicating  successive  stages  of  growth.  The  fold  is  marked 
by  two,  more  or  less  distinct,  narrow  furrows,  with  a low,  rounded, 
and  rather  broad  plication  between  them,  which  becomes  obsolete  at 
a point  near  the  middle  of  the  valve.  In  the  sinus  there  are  two, 
slightly  convex,  narrow  plications,  which  correspond  with  the  furrows 
on  the  fold. 

The  specimens  are  casts  of  the  interior,  and  show  in  the  ventral 
valve,  a narrow,  ovate-triangular,  muscular  scar  on  each  side  of  the 
rostral  cavity.  The  upper  half  of  the  filling  of  the  rostral  cavity 
shows  two  narrow,  faint  impressions,  and  along  the  centre  of  the  lower 
half,  another,  somewhat  stronger  than  the  others,  which  extends  to  the 
base  of  the  muscular  impressions.  In  the  dorsal  valve  there  is  a rather 
short  and  not  very  well  defined  mesial  septum.  Muscular  scars  very 
faintly  impressed;  they  appear  to  be  somewhat  smaller  than  those  in 
the  ventral  valve. 

This  species  is  more  nearly  related  to  the  R.  reniformis,  Sowerby, 
from  the  Carboniferous  of  England  and  Ireland,  than  to  any  American 
species  known  to  me.  However,  a comparison  shows  several  import- 
ant differences.  For  instance,  in  comparing  lateral  views  of  the  two 
species,  it  is  seen  that  the  umbo  of  the  ventral  valve  of  R.  reniformis 
is  much  less  tumid,  and  the  beak  smaller,  the  upper  half  of  the  dorsal 
valve  much  heavier  and  more  ventricose,  and  the  lower  portion  of  the 
line  of  contact  between  the  two  valves  much  less  deflected  toward  the 
ventral  side.  Other  differences  are  to  be  observed  in  the  depth  and 
extent  of  the  sinus,  as  well  as  in  the  plications  of  the  surface. 


28  Contributions^  to  American  Paloeontology. 

This  species  is  named  in  honor  of  the  discoverer,  Mr.  G.  K. 
Greene,  New  Albany,  Indiana. 

Formation  and  locality  : Lower  Carboniferous,  Knobstone  group ; 
three  miles  west  of  New  Albany,  Indiana. 

Gypidia  unguiformis,  n.  sp.  (PL  III.,  fig.  2,  2a,  25.) 

(Ety.,  U7igtds,  a claw.) 

Shell  subovoid,  gibbous,  very  inequivalve. 

Ventral  valve  unguiform,  convex,  regularly  arching  from  the  beak 
to  the  front,  with  the  beak  extremely  elevated,  very  slightly  incurved, 
and  much  flattened.  Fissure  large,  rather  narrow,  and  bordered  on 
each  side  by  a narrow,  illy-defined  area.  A small,  shallow  sinus  ex- 
tends from  the  beak  to  the  front  margin. 

Dorsal  valve  broadly  ovate,  wider  than  high,  moderately  convex, 
regularly  arching  to  the  sides  and  front,  with  the  beak  strongly  in- 
curved and  flattened.  Mesial  fold  faintly  elevated,  but  traceable  from 
the  beak  to  the  front  margin. 

Surface  with  strong,  somewhat  unequal,  angular  plications,  the 
greater  number  of  which  originate  on  the  umbos,  and  remain  simple 
throughout  their  length,  while  a few  are  bifurcated  in  the  lower  half 
ot  the  shell.  Those  in  the  mesial  sinus  and  on  the  fold  are  smaller 
than  on  the  lateral  slopes.  The  total  number  at  the  front  margin  is 
about  twenty-four  on  each  valve.  The  cardinal  slopes  of  the  ventral 
valve  are  convex  and  without  radiating  plications.  Entire  surface  of 
both  valves  marked  by  numerous,  somewhat  irregular,  concentric 
lines,  which  on  the  plicated  portions  are  strongly  zigzag  and  sub- 
lamellar,  and  with  a number  of  strong,  irregular  undulations  marking 
stages  of  growth.  Many  of  the  concentric  lines  cross  the  narrow  car- 
dinal area  of  the  ventral  valve  and  terminate  at  the  sharply  defined 
margin  of  the  fissure. 

Interior  of  ventral  valve,  with  the  converging  dental  lamellae 
strong,  and,  uniting  with  each  other  a short  distance  below  the  centre 
of  the  valve,  give  origin  to  a strong  mesial  septum,  which  extends 
nearly  to  the  .front  margin.  The  septum  is  very  high  and  projects 
far  into  the  cavity  of  the  valve.  In  the  dorsal  valve  the  dental 
lamellae  are  less  strong,  and,  though  converging,  do  not  unite,  but  at 
the  lower  extremity  are  provided  with  long  and  very  slender  diverg- 
ing crura.  The  lamellae  are  supported  and  joined  to  the  bottom  of  the 
valve  by  two,  thin,  nearly  parallel  septa,  which  terminate  before  they 
reach  the  centre  of  the  valve. 


Contributions  to  American  Palceontology. 


29 


This  remarkable  species  is  almost  unquestionably  congeneric 
with  the  Gypidia  conchidium,  of  Dalman.  Both  differ  from  Fen- 
tamerus,  proper,  in  having  the  beak  of  the  ventral  valve  much  more 
extended  and  but  slightly  arcuate,  and  the  septa  of  the  dorsal  valve 
separate.  G.  unguiformis  differs  from  G.  coneJiidium  in  the  more  ex- 
tended beak  of  the  ventral  valve,  different  plication  of  the  fold  and 
sinus,  and  somewhat  in  the  form.  I am  not  acquainted  with  any 
Pentameroid  shell  from  American  deposits  that  could  be  confounded 
or  even  compared  with  it. 

Formation  and  locality:  Niagara  group,  at  Louisville,  Kentucky. 
GASTEROPODA. 

Platyceras  quinquesinuatum,  n.  sp.  (PI.  III.,  fig.  4,  4a,  Ab.) 

(Ety.,  quinque,  five  ; sinuatus,  bent  in.) 

Shell  obliquely  sub-ovoid,  arcuate  from  near  the  base.  Apex 
minute,  appressed,  strongly  incurved,  making  about  one  volution ; 
body-whorl  expanding  rather  rapidly  at  first  and  then  very  gradually 
to  the  aperture;  dorsum  narrowly  rounded,  spreading  more  on  the 
right  side  than  on  the  left,  and  a little  flattened  on  the  left  side.  Shell 
near  the  aperture  with  four  rounded  longitudinal  plications.  Aper- 
ture oblique,  sub-rhomboidal  or  sub-pentagonal,  with  the  peristome 
deeply  sinuous,  and  strongly  reflected  on  the  posterior  side  under  the 
umbilicus. 

Surface  nearly  smooth,  except  near  the  aperture,  where  a small 
number  of  undulating  striae  of  growth  may  be  crowded  together  and 
form  faint  concentric  wrinkles. 

Among  the  numerous  species  of  Platyceras^  the  P.  symmetricum , 
Hall,  from  the  Hamilton  group,  appears  to  be  more  closely  related  to 
the  above  species  than  any  other.  There  are  several  marked  differ- 
ences, however,  which  readily  distinguish  the  two  species.  In  Hall’s 
species  the  apex  is  less  incurved,  and  the  whole  shell  larger  and  much 
less  oblique,  being  incurved  nearly  in  the  same  plane ; the  plications 
are  not  so  strong,  and  the  posterior  side  of  the  peristome  is  not  re- 
flected, nor  is  the  aperture  margin  so  deeply  sinuate.  The  most  of 
these  differences  will  apply  when  P.  quinque  sinuata  is  compared  with 
the  P.  thetis,  Hall,  also  from  the  Hamilton. 

Formation  and  locality : Middle  Devonian  (Dp.  Helderberg  ? ). 
Falls  of  the  Ohio. 


30 


Contributions  to  American  Palcieontology. 

Platyceras  serratum,  n.  sp.  (PL  III.,  fig.  5,  5a,  bb.) 

(Ety.,  serratus,  like  a saw.) 

Shell  obliquely  sub-ovate,  consisting  of  about  two  compressed  vo- 
lutions ; apex  minute.  The  outer  whorl  enlarges  rapidly  and  becomes 
free  near  the  aperture;  it  is  very  oblique  and  flattened,  narrowly 
rounded  below,  with  a slight  shoulder  near  the  suture  line.  Aperture 
obliquely  elongate-elliptical,  two  and  one-half  times  longer  than 
wide,  with  the  peristome  serrated. 

Surface  with  a few  irregular  concentric  undulations,  and  without 
longitudinal  plications,  excepting  near  the  aperture,  where  the  perfect 
shell  is  provided  with  numerous  short,  sub-angular  plications  and  fur- 
rows, giving  the  margin  the  serrated  character  already  noticed.  These 
plications  were  not  observed  on  young  specimens. 

The  distinguishing  features  of  this  species  are  found  in  the  com- 
pressed volutions  and  serrated  aperture  margin. 

Formation  and  locality : Lower  Devonian.  (Corniferous  lime- 
stone). Falls  of  the  Ohio. 

Platyceras  (?)  arctiostoma,  n.  sp.  (PI.  III.,  fig.  7,  7a,  lb,) 

(Ety.,  arctvs,  narrow;  stoma,  mouth.) 

Shell  semi-rhomboidal,  obliquely  enrolled,  and  consisting  of  about 
two  volutions ; apex  minute,  depressed ; outer  volution  compressed 
laterally,  rapidly  increasing  in  height,  but  slowly  in  width,  with  the 
sides,  which  diverge  at  an  angle  of  45  degrees,  flat  at  the  aperture, 
and  slightly  convex  near  the  nucleus  whorl ; the  upper  side  is  longi- 
tudinally concave,  and  narrowly  rounded  toward  the  depressed  apex ; 
the  periphery  is  sub-angular,  and  the  lower  side  rather  flat  and  ab- 
ruptly rounded  into  the  large  umbilicus.  Aperture  oblique,  extremely 
elongate,  with  the  sides  sub-parallel. 

Surface  marked  by  fine,  well  defined,  and  somewhat  undulating 
strim  of  growth.  These  are  crossed  by  faint  revolving  lines.  Where 
the  external  layer  of  the  shell  is  preserved  the  surface  is  polished. 

Of  this  species  I have  seen  only  the  specimen  figured.  It  differs  so 
much  from  the  ordinary  forms  of  Platyceras  that  I am  not  only  quite 
certain  it  is  new,  but  also  believe  it  will  ultimately  have  to  be  removed 
to  some  other  group. 

Formation  and  locality:  Lower  Devonian.  (Corniferous  lime- 
stone). Falls  of  the  Ohio. 


Contributions  to  American  Palaeontology.  31 

Platyceras  (Orthonychia)  fluctuosum,  n.  sp.  (PI.  III.,  fig.  6, 6a,  Qb.) 

(Ety.,  fluctuosus,  wavy.) 

Shell  obliquely  conical,  laterally  compressed, gradually  expanding; 
dorsum  straight  or  arcuate  ; apex  obtusely  pointed,  apparently  not 
incurved.  Surface  of  apical  half  of  shell  with  irregular  undulations 
or  protuberances  ; lower  half  plicated  longitudinally,  the  plications 
unequal,  and  crossed  by  irregular  undulating  lines  of  growth.  Aper- 
ture narrowly  ovate,  with  the  margin  sinuate,  or  rather,  irregularly 
serrated. 

This  shell  differs  from  all  the  species  belonging  to  the  genus  or 
sub-genus  OrtJio7iychia,  Hall,  in  the  compressed  form  and  irregular 
surface  undulations.  It  may  be  compared  with  P.  (0.)  perplexum, 
Hall,  from  the  Upper  Helderberg  group  of  New  York. 

Formation  and  locality:  Middle  Devonian.  (Up.  Helderberg?). 
Falls  of  the  Ohio. 

ANTHOZOA. 

Bucanophyllum,  n.  gen. 

(Ety.,  Bukane,  a trumpet;  phyllon,  a leaf.) 

Corallum  trumpet  shaped,  simple,  consisting  of  a long,  slender, 
cylindrical  stem,  which  is  terminated  above  by  an  abruptly  expanded, 
deep  cup ; inner  side  of  calyx  with  fine  radiating  septal  striae  ; outer 
side  marked  by  successive  lines  of  growth,  and  faint  longitudinal 
striae.  Internal  structure  of  cup  vesicular  as  in  Cystiphyllum.  Struc- 
ture of  stem  not  determined. 

Only  known  species  B.  gracile,  n.  sp. 

While  the  affinities  of  this  genus  are  clearly  with  Cystiphyllum,  the 
form  and  general  aspect  of  the  corrallum  is  so  distinctive,  that  a 
cursory  examination  would  scarcely  suggest  the  relation.  A slight 
resemblance  is  presented  to  species  of  Oladoehonus,  McCoy,  but  I 
have  satisfied  myself  that  Bucanophyllum  has  no  real  alliance  with  the 
Auloporidae. 

Bucanophyllum  gracile,  n.  sp.  (PI.  III.,  fig.  9,  9a,  9b,  9c.)  ’ 

(Ety.,  gracilis,  slender.) 

Corallum  simple,  trumpet-shaped,  consisting  of  a long,  slender, 
cylindrical  stem,  with  the  upper  end  abruptly  dilated  into  a rather  deep 
cup,  from  6 to  10  mm.  in  diameter.  The  plane  of  the  cup  margin  of 
young  examples  is  nearly  horizontal,  while  in  older  examples  it  be- 
comes more  or  less  oblique.  Interior  of  cup  with  numerous  fine 


32 


Contributions  to  American  Paloeontology. 


radiating  septal  striae,  six  or  seven  in  2 mm.,  which  become  obsolete 
near  the  bottom,  and  are  strongest  at  the  margin.  Bottom  of  cup 
smooth,  or  with  vesicular  prominences.  Exterior  of  cup  marked  with 
a number  (varying  with  age)  of  irregular  wrinkles  of  growth,  and 
faint  longitudinal  lines.  Stem  smooth,  about  2 mm.  in  diameter,  with 
an  observed  length  of  2.5  cm.  As  the  stem  is  not  entire  on  any  of 
the  examples  seen,  it  may  have  been  considerably  longer. 

Among  the  rugose  corals  from  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio,  I find  a small 
Zaphrentis  (probably  the  young  of  Z.  herzeri  or  Z.  ungulu),  which 
might  be  confounded  with  imperfect  specimens  of  B.  gracile.  A com- 
parison of  the  cups  will  immediately  separate  them. 

Formation  and  locality:  Lower  Devonian.  Not  rare  at  the  Falls 
of  the  Ohio. 

Strombodes  separates,  n.  sp. 


(Ety.,  separatus,  separate.) 


Fig.  1.— Lateral  view  of  a .specimen  consisting  Fig.  2.— Oblique  view  of  ano^er  example, 
of  three  individuals,  two  of  them  at-  to  show  the  calyces.  The  margin  of 

tached  to  a stromatoporoid.  the  central  depression  is  too  sharp. 


Corallum  consisting  of  one  or  more  individuals,  which,  at  their 
origin,  are  separated  from  each  other,  but,  by  the  lateral  expansion 
and  union  of  their  cup-margins,  become  confluent  and  form  irregular, 
but  never  discoid,  masses.  The  base  of  each  individual  is  obconical 
and  covered  by  a very  thin  epithecal  crust.  Both  the  calyces  and 
bases  of  the  several  polyparia,  going  to  make  up  one  of  the  confluent 
coralla,  occur  at  different  heights,  and  the  corallum  is  never  “ com- 
pound ” in  the  manner  characteristic  of  S.  pentagonus  and  other 


Contributions  to  American  Falceontology. 


33 


species.  Diameter  of  calyces  varying  from  1.5  cm.  to  3.5  cm.,  with 
the  margins  sub-circular  in  simple  examples,  and  irregularly  angular 
in  confluent  coralla.  Calyces  shallow,  slightly  elevated  toward  the 
margins,  and  abruptly  depressed  at  the  centre.  Sides  of  central  cup 
with  about  forty  septal  ridges,  which  unite  at  the  bottom  and  form 
a well-defined  elevation.  Beyond  the  central  depression  the  calyx  is 
marked  by  fine  septal  striae  ; about  twenty  in  5 mm. 

The  distinctness  of  the  polyparia  is  regarded  as  the  principal 
specific  character.  In  other  respects  the  species  is  very  much  like 
the  large  variety  of  S.  pentagonus. 

Formation  and  locality  : Niagara  group,  near  Louisville,  Ky. 

HYDROIDA  (?). 

Labechia  montifera,  n.  sp.  (PI.  II.,  fig.  9,  9a.) 

(Ety.,  mon?,  a mountain  ; few,  to  bear.) 


Portion  of  a large  specimen  of  Labechia  montifera  which  has  grown  over  and  completely 
enveloped  a species  of  Orthoceras. 

This  species  forms  large  crusts,  rarely  more  than  5 mm.  in  thick- 
ness, upon  foreign  bodies.  (Usually  species  of  Orthoceras.)  The  sur- 
face is  undulating  and  elevated  at  intervals  of  6 mm.,  more  or  less, 
into  large  conical  monticules,  the  slopes  of  which  are  marked  by  ir- 
regularly intermittent,  radiating  ridges ; the  intervening  spaces  be- 
tween the  monticules  is  covered  quite  uniformly  by  numerous  unequal 
small  granular  eminences,  of  which  about  ten  occur  in  5 mm.;  sections 
prove  these  to  be  the  projecting  ends  of  vertical  pillars.  In  trans- 
verse sections  (pi.  II.,  fig.  9)  the  pillars  are  of  an  irregularly  stellate 
form ; their  size  is  variable,  but  those  occupying  the  monticules  are 
always  the  largest.  The  intermediate  spaces  are  crossed  by  a variable 
number  of  faint,  curved  lines,  representing  the  cut  edges  of  lenticular 
vesicles  which  occupy  the  space  between  the  pillars.  In  vertical  sec- 


34 


Contributions  to  American  P alceontologyx 


tions  (pi.  II.,  fig.  9a)  the  pillars  are  seen  to  be  rather  unequal,  and 
separated  from  each  other  by  a loosely-woven  vesicular  tissue.  The 
vesicles  vary  much  in  size,  but  are  disposed  to  arrange  themselves  in 
obscure  layers. 

It  is  possible  that  this  species  ought  not  to  be  considered  as  con- 
generic with  L.  conferta,  E.  and  H.  (the  type  of  the  genus)  as  the  dif- 
ferences between  them  may  be  of  greater  importance  than  I now  be- 
lieve them  to  be.  In  transverse  sections  of  L.  eonferta,  the  vertical 
pillars  appear  as  simple,  round  columns,  and  look  quite  different  from 
the  irregularly  stellate  section  presented  by  the  pillars  of  L.  montifera. 
Another,  but  less  important  difference  is  found  in  the  different  habits 
of  growth.  Thus  L.  montifera  is  an  incrusting  form,  while  L.  eonferta 
grows  into  free  laminar  expansions,  covered  on  the  lower  side  by  a 
concentrically  striated  epitheca.  Another  species,  forming  masses  as 
much  as  one  foot  in  length,  is  not  uncommon  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
Cincinnati  group  at  Clarksville,  0.,  and  other  localities.  Specimens 
of  L.  montifera  are  rather  rare  in  the  same  horizon.  The  specimen 
figured  was  collected  at  Madison,  Indiana. 

FORAMmiFERA. 

Moellerina,  n.  gen. 

Shell  consisting  of  two  sub-orbicular,  thin-walled  chambers,  an 
outer  one  marked  with  strong  spiral  ridges,  and  an  inner  smooth  one. 
At  both  ends  of  the  outer  chamber  there  is  a round  opening,  surrounded 
by  an  elevated  border,  at  which  the  spiral  ridges  terminate.  The  inner 
chamber  is  drawn  out  at  each  end  into  short  tubular  prolongations, 
which  correspond  with  the  openings  in  the  outer  chamber.  Shell 
structure  not  determined  with  certainty. 

Only  species  known  : M.  greenei^  n.  sp. 

The  affinities  of  this  peculiar  genus,  though  somewhat  doubtful, 
seem  to  lie  not  very  far  from  t^accamina,  Sars.  This  conclusion  is 
mainly  based  upon  the  resemblance  existing  between  the  inner  cham- 
ber of  Moellerina,  and  the  single,  spindle-shaped  chambers  of  that 
genus.  If  they  are  really  allied,  then  the  shell  of  M.  greenei  ought  to  be 
imperforate.  Although  my  material  is  bountiful,  and  much  of  it  in 
an  excellent  state  of  preservation,  I could  not  satisfy  myself  upon  this 
point.  The  only  fragment  showing  anything  like  perforations,  is  fig- 
ured on  pi.  III.,  fig.  8d.  In  this  a portion  of  the  wall  of  the  outer 
chamber  is  traversed  by  a number  of  indistinct  transverse  lines. 


Contributions  to  American  Palceontology. 


35 


Should  the  shell  prove  to  be  perforated,  then  the  genus  may  find  nearer 
relatives  among  the  Lagenidae. 

The  name  is  given  in  honor  of  Prof.  Valerian  v.  Moller,  who  has 
done  such  excellent  Tvork  on  the  Foraminifera  of  the  Russian  Coal 
Meas.ures. 

Moellerina  greenei,  n.  sp.  (PI.  III.  fig.  8,  8a,  85,  8c,  8c.) 

Shell  consisting  of  two  sub-orbicular,  thin-walled  chambers,  one 
enclosing  the  other.  Outer  chamber  marked  with  eight  or  nine  strong, 
angular,  spiral  ridges,  which  make  a complete  revolution  and  termin- 
ate at  th^  opposite,  or  nearly  opposite,  ends  of  the  chamber,  where  the 
rather  large  and  expanding  apertures  are  situated.  Apertures  sur- 
rounded by  a more  or  less  elevated  thick  border.  Inner  chamber 
smooth,  orbicular,  separated  from  the  wall  of  the  outer  chamber  by 
.10  mm.  or  less  ; the  more  or  less  nearly  opposite  ends  are  drawn  out 
into  short  tubular  prolongations  of  variable  length,  which  traverse 
the  space  intervening  between  the  two  chambers,  and  unite  with  the 
wall  of  the  outer  chamber  just  below  and  around  the  aperture,  so  that 
the  apertures  observed  at  the  ends  of  the  outer  chamber,  are  really 
the  mouths  of  the  tubular  prolongations  of  the  inner  chamber.  The 
appearances  presented  by  the  specimen  figured  on  plate  III.  fig.  8c, 
seem  to  indicate  that  the  outer  chamber  communicated  with  this  tube 
by  means  of  numerous  small  pores.  Diameter  of  inner  chamber 
.70  mm.  ; diameter  of  outer  chamber  1.00  mm. 

The  above  describes  the  typical  form  of  the  species.  Beside  these, 
I have  before  me  a number  of  specimens  on  which  the  spiral  ridges 
are  almost  obsolete.  It  is  possible  that  these  may  prove  distinct,  but 
more  probably,  they  represent  the  worn  condition  of  M.  greenei. 
This  explanation  is  rendered  plausible  by  the  fact  that  the  numerous 
fragments  of  other  fossiles,  which  occur  in  the  same  piece  of  stone,  are 
all  more  or  less  changed  by  wearing. 

The  name  is  given  in  honor  of  Mr.  G.  K.  Greene,  of  New  Albany, 
Indiana. 

Formation  and  locality:  Middle  Devonian,  (Up.  Helderberg ?). 
Falls  of  the  Ohio. 


PJLATE  I 


Fig.  1.  Fenestklla  patellifera,  n.  sp.  View  of  poriferous  side,  enlarged  12  diameters. 

la. Non-poriferous  side,  X 12. 

2a.  Fenesteli.a  bifuroa,  n.  sp.  Poriferous  side,  X 12.  * 

2a. Nou-poriferous  side,  X 12. 

;l.  Fenestei.la  sruLPTiLis,  n.  sp.  Poriferous  side,  X 12. 

4.  Fenestella  pru'HELLA,  n.  sp.  View  of  poriferous  side,  X 12. 

4a. Two  views  of  the  nou-poriferous  side,  one  smooth,  and 

the  other  Avith  granular  striae,  X 12. 

f).  Semicoscinium  obliquatum,  n.  sp.  VieAV  of  portion  of  the  poriferous  side,  near  the 
margin  of  the  zoarium,  X 12.  On  three  of  the  branches  the  cariuae  are  broken 
away. 

oa. View  of  non-poriferous  side,  X 12. 

(■>.  Semk  osc  iNiu.M  iNFR.\POROSA,  u.  sp.  View  of  a portion  of  the  inner  surface  of  the 
funnel  shaped  zoarinm,  X 12.  Shows  the  dimorphic  pores,  and  usual  appearance 
of  the  branches. 

('.a. Poriferous  side.  X 12.  Shows  pores  on  each  side  of  ex- 

panded summits  of  carinae. 

C<li. View  of  the  broken  edge  of  a frond  of  this  species,^ 

showing  heighfof  carinae  and  branches,  and  the  roAV  of  large  pores  on  the  sides 
of  the  expanded  summit  of  carina.  X 12. 

7.  UxiTRYPA  RETRORSA,  u.  sp.  View  of  the  outer  side  of  zoarium,  showing  summits  of 
cariiuc,  and  connecting  bars.  X 12.  Some  of  the  interstices  are  closed  by  a 
.secondary  deposit. 

7a. View  of  inner  or  non-poriferous  side,  X 12.  The 

branches  are  more  sharply  angular  than  usual. 

To. View  of  the  broken  edge  of  a frond,  to  show  the  rela- 

tive height  of  branches,  cells  and  carinae,  and  the  retral  bending  of  the  connecting 
bars.  X 12. 

7c. Transverse  view  of  same.  X 12. 

s.  Unitryfa  conferta,  n.  sp.  View  of  outer  side  of  zoarium.  X 12.  Shows  the  promi- 
nent, rounded  summits  of  the  carinae,  and  comparatively  numerous  connecting 
bars. 

8a. View  of  nou-poriferous  side.  X 12.  Other  specimens 

often  have  the  dissepiments  more  prominent. 


VOL-I. 


[ Devonian  BrYOzoa.j 


PL.I. 


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■vnyiKvrfii 

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PLATE  II 


Fig.  1.  Fenestella.  bigeneris,  n.  sp.  View  of  periferous  side.  X 9. 

la. Non-poriferous  side.  . X 9.  The  dissepiments  are  often 

more  prominent,  and  slightly  thicker. 

2.  POLYPORA  transversa,  n.  sp.  Poriferous  side  of  this  species,  magnitied  nine  times. 

2a. Non-poriferous  side.  X 9. 

3.  PoLYPORA  BLANDiDA,  n.  sp.  Poriferous  Side.  X9. 

3a. Non-poriferous  side,  X 9. 

4.  Fistulipora  normalis,  n.  sp.  View  of  a fragment  of  this  species,  natural  size. 

■ib* Portion  of  same,  enlarged  nine  times. 

4a." Several  zodecia,  magnified  18  times.’! 

5.  Buscopora  dentata,  n.  sp.  View  of  a fragment  of  this  species,  nat.  size. 

5a. Celluliferous  surface  of  same  enlarged  9 times. 

6.  Eridopora  minima,  n.  sp.  Portion  of  a large  expansion,  which  has  grown  upon  a 

species  of  Polypora.  Nat.  size. 

6a. One  of  the  macula?,  and  surrounding  zooecia.  X 9. 

7.  Lichenotrypa  aspera,  n.  sp.  Portion  of  the  surface  of  a specimen  of  this  species. 

X 9. 

8.  Discotrypa  DEVONicA,  n.  sp.  A small  portion  of  the  type  specimen,  nat.  size.  It  is 

growing  upon  a species  of  Favosites. 


8a. Surface  of  same,  enlarged  9 diameters. 

9.  Labechia  montifera,  n.  sp.  Vertical  section  of  a specimen  from  Waynesville,  Ohio, 
X 9. 

9a. Transverse  section  of  same.  X 9. 


* These  figures  are  erroneously  marked  2b,  and  2a,  on  the  plate. 


VOL  I. 


PL  2. 


JL3UKAKV ' 
0? 

!jNiV*:PSiTy  OF 


PLATE  III 


Fig.  1.  Rhynchonella  greeniana,  n.  sp.  Lateral  view  of  a typical  specimeu. 

la. Dorsal  view  of  same. 

1&. Cardinal  view  of  same. 

lc.  Ventral  valve  of  same. 

ld.  Lateral  view  of  another  example,  having  the  umho  of 

the  dorsal  valve  more  tumid,  and  the  fold  less  prominent. 

2.  Gypidia  unguiformis,  n.  sp.  Dorsal  view  of  type  specimen.  In  this  view  the  beak 

of  the  ventral  valve  has  been  tilted  forward  so  as  to  show  the  fissure  to  better 
advantage. 

2a.  and  ‘lb.  Lateral  and  cardinal  views  of  same. 

3.  ScHizoBOLUs  trunoata,  Hall  sp.  Dorsal  valve  of  a specimen,  larger  and  longer  than 

usual.  X3J4- 

3a. Small  ventral  valve.  X 3J4. 

3b. Interior  of  dorsal  valve.  X 3>^. 

3c. Interior  of  ventral  valve.  X 3)^. 

3ci. Profile  view  of  both  valves,  X 3)^. 

4,  4a,  and  4b.  Platyceras  QUiNorE-.siNUATUM,  n.  sp.  Three  views  of  a perfect  specimen. 

5,  5a,  and  5b.  Platyceras  serratum,  n.  sp.  Tiiree  views  of  a very  perfect  example. 

6.  and  6b.  Platvceras  (Orthonychia'  flucti  oscm,  n.  sp.  Two  views  of  the  type  speci- 

men. 

6a. View  of  another  specimen,  which  is  smaller  and  more 

curved. 

7,  7a,  7b.  Playta'ceras  (?)  arctiostoma,  n.  sp.  Three  views  of  the  only  specimen  seen. 

8.  Mcellerina  greenei,  n.  sp.  End  view  of  a specimen.  X 18. 

8o. Side  view  of  a specimen,  with  the  apertures  opposite. 

X 18.  • 

8b. A specimen,  with  a portion  of  the  outer  chamber 

broken  away.  X 18. 

8c. Sectional  view  of  the  two  chambers.  X 20. 

8d. A specimeu,  with  faint  indications  of  pores  in  the  wall 

of  the  outer  chamber.  X 18. 

8c. The  inner  chamber.  X 18.  This  specimen  preserves  re- 

mains of  what  appear  to  have  been  a series  of  pores,  through  which  the  outer 
chamber  communicated  with  the  tubular  prolongatien  of  the  interior. 

9,  and  9a.  Bccaxophyllum  gracile,  u.  sp.  Two  views  of  a specimen. 

9b. View  of  the  largest  specimen  seen.  The  stem  is  broken 

away. 


9c. 


A young  example. 


VO  L.  I 


PL.  3. 


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